Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

1. Social Action

Manuel Moix defines social action as any effort made by individuals, groups, or communities to achieve social progress by advancing social policy and improving social conditions and services within a country.

It covers basic needs and addresses emerging requirements. The dynamic relationship between needs and resources drives progress, which can be hindered if there is a disconnect between social needs and resource planning. Social action involves intervening in the balance between needs and resources, which can be categorized into four meanings:

• As a theory: The body of knowledge that addresses the gap between needs and resources.
• As a professional activity: Organized efforts to resolve social needs through the application of

The political ideologies that defend the working class were profoundly inspired by socialist thought. These movements sought to address social inequalities and advocate for a more just society.

Socialist Thought

Socialism advocates that political rights and freedoms are insufficient without the existence of social equality. Proponents believe there can be no real democracy without effective equal opportunities.

• Its basic ideas include cooperation, collectivization, distribution of wealth, and, in some forms, the abolition of private property.
• Socialism aims to transform society and create a more just social order, achieving social equality, political rights, and a more equitable distribution of wealth.

The earliest forms of socialism, often referred...

Key Concepts of 19th Century Labor Movements

Self-Management

A business model conducted by the workers themselves, either directly or through elected representatives.

Chartism

A movement that presented a series of political demands to the Westminster Parliament in 1838. Key requirements included universal male suffrage, annual elections, constituency reform, the secret ballot, and payment for Members of Parliament.

Social Class

A term used since the early 19th century to describe different social groups differentiated by their living conditions and socioeconomic status.

Combination Laws

A set of rules approved by the British Parliament in 1791 that banned workers' associations. These laws identified such groups as "bands of rebels" and punished the...

The Industrial Revolution: Origins and Transformation

The Industrial Revolution refers to the set of profound changes that occurred in the elaboration and production of goods, beginning in England during the 18th century.

Key Causes and Consequences

• The Parliamentary Monarchy: A system where the nobility and the king shared power, limiting the privileges of the unprivileged classes.
• Population Growth: Decreased wars and pests, coupled with advances in health, led to an increase in consumers and a larger labor force.
• Agricultural Improvements: Introduction of machinery, the neglect of the barbecho (fallow system), and the implementation of enclosures (land privatization).
• Technological Advancements: Significant growth in cotton textiles and coal mining.

The Bourbon Restoration in Spain

On 29 December 1874, General Martínez Campos led a pronunciamiento and proclaimed Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II, as King. This event ended the Sexenio Democrático and initiated the Bourbon Restoration, a historical stage that concluded in 1923 with the coup of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The foundations of the Restoration's political system were the Constitution of 1876, the Turno Pacífico (peaceful alternation of parties in power), and caciquismo.

The Spanish Constitution of 1876

The Constitution of 1876 established a constitutional monarchy and an elected parliament, which, since 1890, operated under universal male suffrage. However, many periods of deception left constitutional rights and freedoms without purpose;...

The Constitutional Monarchy (1789–1792)

The moderate bourgeoisie sought an agreement with the King to transform France into a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.

• Abolished feudalism and approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, establishing individual freedoms and equality before the law and in taxation.
• Drafted a Constitution (1791) based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty, and legal equality, though the King reserved the right of veto.

Once the Constitution was approved, a Legislative Assembly was formed. This body drafted new laws to implement liberalism, forced the nobility to pay taxes, and abolished the guilds. The state promised to fund the practice of Catholicism, while the Civil Constitution

The Dawn of the Early Modern Age

The Early Modern Age began in 1453 with the Fall of Constantinople and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. From the 15th century, it noticed a recovery because of several key factors:

• The increase in agricultural products: Conserving the three-field system, which consisted of cultivating only two pieces of land while one was left fallow.
• Intensified commercial activity: Because there was a surplus of food, people started selling it in city markets. Merchants and traders established new trade routes.
• The expansion of craftsmanship: These were controlled by guilds (associations of craftsmen). The domestic system was created because people started making products at home.
• New explorations: Due to new explorations,

American Camelot: The Kennedy Years (1960-1963)

The New Frontier Vision

On the occasion of his nomination at the 1960 Democratic Convention in Los Angeles, JFK delivered his famous:

JFK's "New Frontier" Speech

“[…] I stand here tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind us, the pioneers gave up their safety, their comfort and sometimes their lives to build our new West. […] Some would say that those struggles are all over, that all the horizons have been explored, that all the battles have been won, that there is no longer an American frontier. But I trust that no one in this assemblage would agree with that sentiment; for the problems are not all solved and the battles

Unit 7: From Camelot to Vietnam: America in Upheaval

Post-War Economic Prosperity

The aftermath of the war brought economic affluence to America and the rise of the middle class. This expansion was a direct consequence of the G.I. Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944), which facilitated the transformation of a war economy into a civilian one. Consequently, the United States established itself as a global leader.

This era saw the foundation of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the IMF (International Monetary Fund). These institutions served as interventionist tools, with headquarters based in the United States, which utilized neoclassical political, economic, and military strategies.

The Cold War Era

The confrontation...