Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

First Industrial Revolution

Industrialization: a revolution in the way work was done — from work performed by hand at home or in a workshop to work done by steam-powered machinery in factories.

Factors of Production

Factors of Production: land, labor, and capital resources — the basic resources that are combined to create useful goods and services.

Laissez-faire and Labor Conditions

Laissez-faire: a free-market approach that eases the process of obtaining resources but can also reduce protections for workers. Effects during the Industrial Revolution included:

• Greater population density in industrial areas — more people, more jobs, more products
• Long working hours with few breaks
• Reliance on unskilled labor and minimal safety regulations

Classical

Explain why the Mars expedition is a huge risk travel.

The Mars expedition is very risky because the launching can go wrong.

What happens if the space suit rips?

All of our oxygen would escape and we wouldn't have breathing.

What happens if the rover breaks down?

We would have to find a way to build another ship.

What would happen if you lost contact with Earth?

Probably we never come back to the Earth because we don't have communication.

Reasons why people shouldn't go to Mars.

• Homesickness
• High risk

Would you volunteer to go to Mars?

No, because it is too dangerous and I have a lot of risk.

Write about a candidate that is willing to go to Mars.

Sabrina is 40 years old and she is Japanese.

Why do people want to go to Mars?

For looking for a new adventure...

Limitations on Free Speech

Sedition Act of 1918 and the Smith Act of 1940

The Sedition Act of 1918 was eventually superseded by the Smith Act of 1940.

Under these legal frameworks, citizens retain the right to criticize the government, but they cannot threaten to harm the government in a speech or advocate for its violent overthrow.

Obscenity and Offensive Speech: Miller v. California (1973)

The Supreme Court established a three-pronged test for determining obscenity, based on community standards:

1. Is the purpose of the material "prurient" (appealing to morbid or lascivious interests)? (Based on community standards)
2. Is the material patently offensive to most people? (Based on community standards)
3. Does the material lack serious artistic, literary, political,

The Revolution and Provisional Government (1868-1869)

The Revolution of 1868 was triggered by progressives and democrats, who were joined by unionists and led by Admiral Topete, General Prim, and General Serrano. Revolutionary Juntas were formed across the country. In September 1868, the Battle of Alcolea forced Queen Isabella II and her heir, Alfonso, into exile. The Cortes drafted a new constitution that was ratified in 1869.

The Constitution of 1869 established:

• National sovereignty and universal male suffrage.
• Recognition of individual rights.
• Separation of Church and State.
• A parliamentary monarchy, for which they had to choose a new king.

The Monarchy of Amadeo I (1870-1873)

Amadeo of Savoy, who was from a liberal monarchy that had contributed...

In general, there is a clear tendency for Romance languages—those that derive from Latin such as Spanish, Italian, French, or Portuguese—to clearly show gender agreement between the article, the noun, and the adjective. This is not as clear in Germanic languages like English or German. Such agreement is carried out through the addition of morphemes indicating gender and number (inflection).

On the contrary, English does not show gender agreement and, in order to express contrast between the feminine and the masculine, it resorts to lexical choice; that is, we find a different noun for each gender (a more analytical procedure). Such features could indicate that Romance languages tend to be more synthetic than Germanic ones. In spite of its...

The Industrial Revolution: Political and Social Impact

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 18th century with the invention of the steam engine and factory machinery, concluding in the 19th century. This transformation was so profound that, while primarily an economic shift, it fundamentally altered the political and social landscape. Key changes included:

• Devaluation of labor: Workers became replaceable by machines, leading to widespread mistreatment.
• Political disparity: The wealthy gained greater voting rights, cementing their influence.
• Social awakening: The working class recognized these systemic injustices and began organizing for change.

The Decline of Worker Importance

The introduction of machinery meant that the working...

How Factories Changed Life in Britain

The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the 18th century with the invention of the steam engine and the development of machines used in factories. It brought significant social changes and economic growth, particularly in Great Britain, the country where it began. The old estates system gave way to a new class system. But this was not the only change: it led to the rise of child labour, strengthened the power of the bourgeoisie, and caused large-scale migration to cities.

Child Labour in Factories

One of the ways factories changed life in Britain was by creating widespread child labour. Many factory tasks required little physical strength, so even children could work. Because machines reduced...

International Situation

In Europe, the United Kingdom remained the primary power, while Germany emerged as the second most significant economic force. Simultaneously, the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires were in decline. Outside of Europe, the United States completed its westward expansion and rapidly industrialized.

Alliances and the Armed Peace

This period was known as Peace Through Strength (Paz Armada). While European nations were technically at peace, they were heavily rearming for potential conflict. These tensions led to the formation of two major blocks:

• Triple Entente
• Triple Alliance

The Second Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the United States and Germany, this era was defined by new energy sources, specifically oil and electricity....

The Second Republic (I)

The Establishment of the Republic

The Second Republic was proclaimed, and a provisional government called an election. It was formed by:

• Republicans
• Socialists
• Nationalists

This election gave a majority to the left-wing parties, who were tasked with writing a new constitution. The Constitution of 1931 was highly advanced, establishing:

• Freedom of expression and association
• Popular sovereignty
• Universal suffrage, including women

It also recognized:

• Divorce
• Separation between church and state
• Regional autonomy

After it was passed, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora was elected the first president, and Manuel Azaña became the Prime Minister. The Republic passed through three phases:

1. A two-year period of reforms (bienio reformista)
2. A two-year period

Post-1880 US Immigration: Causes and Destinations

Who Immigrated?

• Southern and Eastern Europeans
• Fleeing persecution and governmental problems

Where Did They Settle?

• Primarily in major cities for job opportunities
• Rarely in rural areas

Why Did They Come?

• Urbanization in the U.S.
• Promise of religious freedom in the U.S.
• Economic problems in Southern and Eastern Europe
• Abundant factory jobs in the U.S.
• U.S. recruitment and contract labor opportunities
• Perceived U.S. spirit of tolerance for immigrants

The Progressive Movement: Aims and Reforms

Aims of the Progressives

• To end corruption in government and business
• To address issues from the Gilded Age
• To improve the nation's social and economic conditions

Methods and Reforms

Federal Reforms

• 16^th Amendment (Income Tax)