Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Opportunities for Choice in Agenda Formation

Why are major opportunities for choice present in the formation of the agenda? What factors determine these opportunities for choice?

A problem has the possibility of being selected as a priority item on the agenda. We refer to these as opportunities for choice. Kingdon takes into account the importance of timing in the political process and makes an analogy between opportunities for choice and the windows used for space launches, calling them "policy windows." These windows are opportunities to advance certain initiatives, but they are open for only short periods. If participants are unable to take advantage of these opportunities, they have to wait until a new opportunity arises.

The flow of opportunities...

Constitution of 1869 (Text 6)

1. Commentary

Text 6. 1869 Constitution

The text is a primary source regarding legal and political issues. Its authors were the people in the Constitutional Commission, composed of deputies elected by universal suffrage (male) in early 1869. It was addressed to all Spaniards. The 1869 Constitution put into effect the political system that emerged after the Glorious Revolution and ended the monarchy of Isabel II. It also inaugurated a new historical period (Sexenio Democratic).

Features

• Politics: Following the Revolution of 1868, revolutionary committees established a provisional government. After the regency of General Serrano, and with Prim as a key figure, Amadeo I of Savoy was appointed King of Spain. This established

17th Century Spanish Culture and Patronage

The monarchy and privileged groups were devoted to the promotion of artistic activities, i.e., the practice of patronage. Official culture was primarily managed by universities, colleges, and academies. Minority artistic and scientific endeavors also emerged through salons, especially in major urban centers like Madrid, Seville, Valencia, and Barcelona.

Since the majority of the population was illiterate, information was transmitted orally and visually. This context explains the rise of religious instruction through sermons, images, and public festivals.

The Baroque Feast and Public Spectacle

The Baroque era was characterized by a strong tendency toward *spectacle* and display, which was particularly evident...

Key Political Concepts Defined

Positive Freedom

Positive freedom means being your own master. An individual with this kind of freedom controls their own life and decisions, not depending on outside forces.

Negative Liberty

Negative liberty involves the absence of interference or hindrance from others that would prevent an individual from carrying out their wishes, whatever they may be.

Possessive Individualism

This is a view of humanity where each person is the sole owner of their person, and their physical and intellectual capabilities, without owing anything to society.

Civil Society

Civil society comprises institutions independent of the state. It consists of individuals motivated by self-interest and a propensity to exchange, driven by mutual benefit....

Languages in Contact: Bilingualism and Diglossia

The Sociolinguistic Situation of Asturias

Currently, there are approximately five thousand languages in the world, grouped into language families based on historical relationships. Most European languages are derived from a now-extinct language, Indo-European.

Political and linguistic boundaries do not always align. Sometimes, a single state has several languages, as in Spain. Conversely, different states may use the same language, such as Great Britain and America, or Spain and South American countries. Language contact situations are very common, where people develop the ability to communicate in two or more languages (bilingualism) for various reasons.

The nature of language coexistence, the communicative...

Types of Conjunctions

• Copulative: and, or
• Disjunctive: or, or
• Distributive: neither... nor, or... or, now... now, the other one
• Adversative: but
• Explanatory: i.e., that is, it is
• Illative: so, therefore

Subordinated Clauses

• Substantive:
  • Completive: that
  • Wh-clauses: what, how, where, who
  • Relative: who, what
  • Infinitive: non-personal form of the verb (e.g., I like smoking)
• Adjective: Adjective clauses
• Adverbial: Circumstantial complements

Catalan Dialects

North-Western Catalan

Also called West Catalan, this is the variety spoken in the western counties of Catalonia (e.g., approaching, spare, escatxigar, Godfather).

Valencian

The historical name for the traditional and statutory language of Valencia, which is officially called Catalan in Catalonia (e.g., Not a bit,...

Origins and Evolution of the Spanish Lexicon

The language and words change over time depending on changes in society and the environment or the desire of speakers to be more expressive. Thus, the shape or meaning of words alters, new ones are created, or others disappear.

Origins of Words

• Lexicon heritage: These are words from Latin that have undergone the evolution of Castilian over time. Latin words that have not changed are known as learned words.
• Voices of substrate: These are terms from the languages spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before Roman colonization, specifically Celtic and Basque.
• Loanwords: Terms from languages in contact with Castilian throughout history (Germanic languages, Arabic, American languages, and other peninsular languages)

• Labor Movement: The main feature of this period is the gradual disappearance of estate society and its replacement by a class society based on property rights and equality before the law. This new partnership will allow far greater social mobility, either by the business success either by the administrative career and, above all, military. A new group formed by the dominant social gentry, the landed oligarchy owns large estates, and senior state and army. Below urban middle classes emerged not too many (rural and urban small landowners, officials ...). The rural population was the majority of the population finally appeared a small group of industrial workers the Surge .----- working class in industrialized areas (Barcelona, Madrid and Malaga

The Social and Political Commitment of Miguel Hernández

Miguel Hernández's solutions in his writings can be divided into stages:

• The first stage expresses revolutionary acts of peasants and communists.
• The second stage begins with a poetry imbued with social protest.

The Farmer of More Air curses farmers and brandishes communist symbols.

The Ray Doesn't Stop shows loving and non-conformist introspection with a wicked society.

Wind of the People is optimistic, enthusiastic, and combative, moving by fraternity and fruitful blood. It has an epic tone but never ignores the lyric, with a clear and transparent way to be understood.

Man is a Hunter is the pessimistic version of the general war. The verse is large and painful, contemplating the defeat on...

Key Historical Definitions

• World War II (1939-1945): A global conflict driven by social and economic tensions between the Allied powers (U.S., France, England) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan).
• UN (United Nations): An international organization with the aim of maintaining international peace and security.
• Iron Curtain: The frontier between the communist and imperialist blocs, stretching from Stettin to Trieste.
• Vietnam War: A conflict caused by the confrontation between North Vietnam's communist government (supported by the USSR and China) and South Vietnam (supported by the U.S.). The North sought to reunify the country under communist rule.
• Non-Aligned Countries: Nations that were not part of any major power bloc and demanded disarmament