Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

España en el siglo XIX

En el siglo XIX las guerras de independencia en las colonias de ultramar tuvieron lugar con gran intensidad. Con solo la mitad del reinado de Fernando VII se producen hechos decisivos y la situación política desemboca finalmente en la revolución de 1868 y el exilio de Isabel II. Fernando VII imprimió a la política una orientación absolutista; después irrumpieron los liberales. Hasta la muerte de Fernando VII el poder absolutista se mantuvo, y a su fallecimiento volvió a abrirse el conflicto sobre la forma de gobierno.

Los partidarios de Isabel disputaron el trono y, durante largo tiempo, se generaron conflictos internos. El enfrentamiento entre liberales y tradicionalistas dio lugar a las guerras carlistas. Estas...

Social Poetics and Political Fractures

Bohemian Lights explores social poetics and hopelessness. The social and political fractures of the day are observed in the clashes between employers and workers, the African war, and the rebellion of Catalan workers. Valle-Inclán provides a negative image of politicians, portraying them as lazy, useless, and corrupt. The book denounces corruption in the awarding of jobs and public office, exemplified when a minister delivers money to Max Estrella to buy his silence.

Valle-Inclán presents a social reality filled with cruelty and violence, contempt for human life, and insensitivity to the suffering of others. This is evident in the terrorism of employers and labor organizations, the murder of prisoners...

The Family of Charles IV by Francisco Goya: Neoclassical Portrait Analysis

The family of Charles IV is the title that the author, Francisco Goya Lucientes, gave to this portrait. The chronology is 1800-1801. The Spanish school and his style is neoclassical.

The subject of this portrait is a commission by Charles IV, portraying his family without flattery. Goya appears behind, immersed in the shadows, and as an independent observer, alluding to Las Meninas by Velázquez.

The description of this portrait notes that the support elements are the fabric and the technique used is oil.

Formal and compositional elements:

• Form: Closed and shallow shaped frieze.
• Composition: Neoclassical roots arranged in a frieze with a certain ambiguity for both the centrality

Origins of the Spanish Labor Movement

This first association moved between the forbidden and tolerated. Politically, part of the labor movement supported Democratic Republicanism; these supporters later left to join internationalism and form their own class organizations. The Sexenio Democrático recognized the right of assembly and association, which allowed these groups to emerge from hiding and form their own class organizations.

The First International and Ideological Spread

The First International (AIT) arrived in Spain with leading anarchist principles; Bakuninism spread among the Catalan workers and peasants in Andalusia. The spread of Marxism occurred later; although its ideological weight was greater in the AIT, it only succeeded in Madrid....

The Origins of the Labor Movement

The labor movement emerged as workers sought to improve their living conditions during the early stages of industrial development. Throughout much of the 19th century, workers in both rural and urban areas expressed their grievances through conventional methods such as banditry or civil strife.

However, as industrialization progressed and a liberal political system consolidated, workers adopted new forms of organization and struggle, paving the way for a fledgling labor movement. Initially, their claims were sporadic, but they eventually evolved into structured work policies as workers identified these as the primary solution to their problems.

The Reign of Isabel II (1833-1868)

In the 1840s, a wave of demonstrations...

Republican Governance and the Defense of Madrid

On July 19, 1936, Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral, who established a popular power structure formed by trade unions and left-wing parties (Partits d'Esquerra). This period involved repression against insurgents, the pursuit of the Church, and the commandeering of private property and goods.

By September 5, 1936, Largo Caballero formed a government in Madrid with socialists and communists. Republicans organized voluntarily to go to the front. During this time, José Primo de Rivera and his allies were executed in prison.

By October 29, 1936, slogans such as "No Pasarán" and "Madrid, the tomb of fascism" appeared. In November 1936, the Republican government moved to Valencia. A defense...

Political Climate and Early Opposition

Under the Franco regime, some Basques adapted well to local industrial placements. Initially, there was almost no opposition (oposiziorik), except for workers in Bilbao. Between 1952 and 1953, strikes occurred in the region, though this was not the case in private universities.

The Rise of Political Movements

The 1960s was the decade of the Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) and Lanaval in Sestao. Nicolas Redondo attended meetings and was chosen by parties in France to lead (dirigitzeko). During this time, Felipe Gonzalez became known throughout the world, and ETA also emerged.

Economic Development and the Mondragón Model

The economy in Bizkaia fared well under the Franco regime, particularly as a result of the...

4.2. Attempts at reorganization of the

Giral Government and resigned in September 1936, created the broad coalition government headed by Francisco Largo Caballero, Socialist and Communists made, republicans, nationalists and the CNT. This was the aim of ending the dispersal powers and unify and centralize the hostilities.

To do this they created provincial and municipal councils. In Catalonia, the Generalitat of a new government with the presence of communists and anarchists, won the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias and the Basque Country.

S in the military and the Army was reorganized and merged their militias. Fifth Regiment, composed of communists and Confederate Militia Center, anarcho-syndicalists. This was the kernel of the Popular

During the first months of the war, the power of the Republican state was fragmented among trade unions, political parties, and nationalist groups. Concurrently, a social revolution dominated most of the territory, which significantly weakened the authority of the Republican government.

Disintegration of Republican Power and Revolution

Between July and October 1936, power was distributed among multiple boards, committees, militias, revolutionary councils, and agencies. These entities, at regional, provincial, and local levels, supplanted the authority of the central government.

The absence of a single command hindered military operations. In Catalonia, popular power was exercised by the CNT-FAI. Armed militias organized the rear, managing transport,...

The Republican-Socialist Coalition: Challenges and Decline

The proclamation of the Republic aroused high hopes among the masses for changes in the distribution of income and wealth. However, it also caused fear and mistrust among landowners and businessmen, whose investments were critical for increased production and employment.

An Economic Downturn

The regime change coincided with the most severe phase of the global economic slump, which began with the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. The crisis reverberated more strongly in Spain than in other Western countries, paralyzing emigration to America, a common escape valve during global crises. During the Republican era, the international crisis worsened traditional problems...