Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The 1978 Spanish Constitution: Cornerstone of Modern Spain

We are examining a constitutional text, adopted by referendum on December 6 and promulgated on December 29, 1978. This document is a pivotal part of Spain's historical period of transition, which led the nation from a dictatorship to a monarchical, democratic, and parliamentary regime. Developed by representatives of various political parties within the Constituent Assembly formed for this purpose, it is directed to the Spanish nation and is therefore publicly accessible.

Historical Context: Spain's Democratic Transition

This Constitution is the fundamental law that enabled the creation of a new democratic state and shaped the "Spain of Autonomies." The historical context surrounding its...

José Ortega y Gasset: A 20th-Century Perspective

Context:

José Ortega y Gasset stands as a prominent philosopher and intellectual of the 20th century. His Spanish origins perhaps hindered his wider recognition in recent history. It's noteworthy that he often left his books unfinished. A philosopher in the traditional sense, Ortega rejected the confinement of philosophy to academic circles, seeking to elevate the cultural level of his nation. Understanding his thought requires navigating a diverse body of work, including articles, lectures, and essays. His journalistic endeavors, a significant aspect of his originality, offer insights into his political thinking and commitment to Spain's socio-political reality.

Ortega's Perspectivism and the

Spanish Literature in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment

In the 18th century, European thought underwent a major change, initially in more advanced nations like England and France, and later in other countries. The sense of security that had existed in many aspects of human thought in previous centuries began to disappear.

The bourgeoisie began to dominate as a social class, disputing the political power of the nobility. With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the spread of the Enlightenment. This movement rejected ideological, political, and religious dogma. Opposed to the principle of authority that existed before, it now only supported conclusions reached through free human reason.

By mid-century, the Encyclopedia, led by Diderot and d'Alembert,...

The First Regenerationist Governments

A. Governments and the Sagasta-Silvela Era

Following the disaster of 1898, politicians from the Conservative Party, led by Silvela, were sensitive to the national crisis and sought to address it. The manifesto of General Polavieja clearly outlined the objectives of this regenerationist movement. Key criticisms included government corruption and despotism, alongside a pressing need for reforms in education, finance, and economic development.

Silvela formed a coalition government with an ambitious project to:

• Reduce corruption.
• Implement a financial plan to balance the state budget and eliminate the deficit.
• Address the social question through new legislation.

Significant legislative efforts included laws regulating...

Valle-Inclán's Esperpento: Deforming Reality

The grotesque serves as a powerful means of expression in Valle-Inclán's Esperpento, characterized by a profound deformation of reality. This literary style employs a double code: beneath an apparent tone of mockery and caricature of reality lies a meaning full of satirical intent, highlighting social contrasts.

Key Characteristics of Esperpento

• Employment of Violent Death: A fundamental characteristic, often leading to 'muñequización' (puppetization) of characters.
• Distortion Techniques: Achieved by merging human and animal traits, blending dream and reality, and reducing figures to simple masks or puppets of human behavior.
• Collective Characters: Often feature prominently, representing broader societal

The Reign of Elizabeth II and the Carlist Wars

During the reign of Elizabeth II, the Salic Law, which prohibited women from ruling, was in effect. Consequently, the right to the throne belonged to the brother of King Charles IV. However, King Ferdinand VII eventually repealed this law by promulgating the Pragmatic Sanction, which named his daughter, Isabel II, as the heir.

The Opposition to Liberalism and Carlist Civil War

In 1833, a civil war began between the Carlists and the Elizabethan liberals, lasting until 1840, though further uprisings occurred throughout the century. The Carlists were uncompromising supporters of the king's brother's rights to the throne. During the First Carlist War, they gained strength in the north, particularly in...

Flow lexicon.

Is the set of words that a language offers its speakers.

Words heritage.

It's that, from Vulgar Latin, have evolved over the centuries in popular usage (now ).

Cultism.

Words of Latin or Greek origin eventually incorporated into Castilian by speakers familiar with those classics. Its phonetic connection to the Latin word origin is greater than the words property (verdict ).

Doublets.

Are the cases where, from the same Latin base, attend one word equity and other types of cultism:

Loanwords.

These are the words of other languages that have been incorporated into Castilian. According to the source language, we call

Tracings.

They are adaptations of foreign words translated its entirety formants: basketball (English basket-ball).

Onomatopoeia.

Multiculturalism: Definition and Models

Multiculturalism is defined as the union of different cultures within one country (e.g., Spain, Catalonia, Galicia, Ecuador, Romania, etc.). It is a key feature of developed societies. It presupposes a secular or pluralistic environment—that is, one without an official religion—allowing for the coexistence of different religions, morals, and customs. There are two major models for managing multicultural societies: the Anglo-Saxon and the French.

The Anglo-Saxon Model (Pluralism)

This model is prevalent in countries such as England, the USA, and Canada. It grants immigrants significant freedom regarding:

• Dress and customs
• Choice of residence
• Religious worship

In these countries, particularly the U.S., this...

Unit 5 — Globalization and Diversity in the World

Global Village

Global village: The term refers to the idea that, because of the speed of communications, all of human society begins to change its lifestyle and becomes similar to that of a village. Due to technological progress, all the inhabitants of the planet begin to know each other and to communicate instantly and directly. This profound connection between all regions of the world creates a powerful network of mutual dependencies and thus promotes both solidarity and the struggle for the same ideals, for example in ecology and economy in pursuit of sustainable development on Earth. The term global village was possibly coined by the Canadian sociologist Marshall McLuhan as an expression...

Understanding Cultural Spheres

Cultural Spheres: In principle, these can be understood as relatively closed entities. However, they are quite complex, self-sufficient, and may receive influences from other areas that constitute the whole distribution of culture. Everyone understands their culture, especially its identity, which is used by many people of every class. People want to preserve their cultural identity and regard it as a supreme and sacred value. However, in this way, cultural spheres are only ideological constructs, simply myths. If cultural spheres are not substantive entities, then monism, relativism, and pluralism evaporate. Phenomenal entities, defined by groups or nations, are either isolated from other areas or mixed. They...