Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

NASA

The advantages and disadvantages of the large economic costs of NASA research are many. Below, I will show you some of them.

Advantages

• Investigations may reveal information about other planets in our galaxy. If there were any life, it would be a great discovery and would not be the only inhabitants of the galaxy.
• A large amount of money circulates, and thanks to it many workers keep their jobs and can support themselves.
• Research will also benefit everyone, as important work is well underway in the field of aerospace technology.

Disadvantages

• The cost of energy used is high, and nuclear energy is mostly used, which causes significant atmospheric contamination.
• Whenever an investigation fails, new funding is needed to replace the lost equipment,

Exceptional Measures Without Successful Securitization

• Securitization theory posits that security threats are socially constructed through speech acts rather than objective dangers.
• However, exceptional measures, such as emergency laws, surveillance, or restrictions on rights, can be implemented without a successful securitization move.
• For instance, COVID-19 lockdowns were exceptional measures, but they were not always framed as a “security” issue like terrorism.

Characteristics of Securitization

• A shift from the political sphere to the security sphere occurs when a political issue (e.g., immigration, climate change) is transformed into a security threat.
• Existential threat language is employed, framing the issue as an urgent crisis that threatens

Equality

Egalitarian theories are based on a concept of equality that all people, or groups of people, are seen as having the same intrinsic value. Equality is therefore closely linked to justice and fairness, as egalitarians argue that justice can only exist if there is equality. Increasingly, with growing polarization within societies, equality is also linked to liberty, as different people have differing possibilities to be free and autonomous.

Development

Development is a sustained increase in the standard of living and well-being of a level of social organization. Many consider it to involve increased income; better access to basic goods and services; improvements in education, healthcare and public health; well-functioning institutions;...

Theme: Progress

Text analysis: Persuasion

Technique:

• Logical appeal: this technique uses reason and evidence to support a position.

• Emotional appeal: This technique creates strong feelings, such as fear and anger, to influence readers' opinions.

• Ethical appeal: This technique refers to values and principles which the reader is likely to believe in strongly.

Reading skill: Recognize ideas

Victorian writers use complex sentence filled with phrases, clauses, and modifiers.

Strategies:

• Clarify meaning by identifying the main subject and verb of a sentence.

• Watch for patterns in the text, such as repeated sentence structures, that the author uses to organize thoughts.

• Once you identify the idea of a passage, reread it. Consider the details you initially skipped

Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Actions to Take

Climate change is one of the greatest environmental threats facing the planet. I think that the Earth is definitely experiencing climate change and that human action is mostly responsible for it.

We only need to take a look at newspapers to read about the consequences of global warming on Earth. Increases in ocean temperature and the Earth’s surface temperature, widespread melting of snow and ice, and the rising of sea level are some pieces of evidence regarding climate change. In my opinion, we should not be surprised by these effects because we are badly ill-treating our planet by deforestation, the use of aerosols, and the burning of fossil fuels.

To conclude, I strongly believe that irreversible

Industrialization completely changed the socio-economic structure of Biscay and the Huge immigration created a new society (little relation with the Basque world) and working class (composed by miners and workers of industry). Miners had the worst living and working conditions (they required more workers, but with a specialization), living in barracks (in horrible hygienic conditions), and were forced to buy in the companies' stores (lower quality and higher prices). Workers of industry were better off (more skilled), which put pressure on the bosses. // All this caused labour movements such as || Socialism: it had a monopoly of workers (mainly composed of immigrants seeking their way to integrate into Basque society), and it easily expanded

Core Principles of Democratic Governance

• Popular Accountability of Government: Leaders are accountable to citizens.
• Political Competition: Voters must have a choice between candidates or parties; competition is essential.
• Alternation in Power: The reins of power must occasionally change hands. A system where the ruling party remains in power for decades cannot be truly democratic.
• Uncertain Electoral Outcomes: Elections must maintain an element of uncertainty and fluidity. The final decision rests with the people.
• Popular Representation: In representative democracies, voters elect legislators to voice and protect their general interests.
• Majority Decision with Respect for Minority Views: The majority should decide, but with respect for minority rights

Sabino Arana and the Birth of Basque Nationalism

This foundational text on nationalist ideas was likely penned by Sabino Arana, or by someone equally audacious. It was published in 1894, during the Spanish Restoration period, and stands as a primary source document, intended for all citizens.

Context: Spain in 1894

Political Landscape & Colonial Issues

Politically, the period was marked by the nascent problems with Spain's colonies. As part of the Restoration era, the political system had already seen several shifts in power. Spain's international relations were largely defined by its colonial empire.

Economic Stagnation & Industrial Growth

Economically, Spain remained largely agricultural, characterized by backwardness due to the persistence...

Defining the Environment

The word environment is derived from the French word meaning 'to surround'. Thus, it refers to the sum total of conditions that surround humans at a given point in space and time. It is a composite term for the conditions in which organisms live. In other words, the environment is the totality of all physical, social, and biological factors that comprise the natural and man-made surroundings.

Types of Environment

Considering its basic structure, the environment may be divided into two broad types:

• Physical Environment: This can be further subdivided into three basic realms of the Earth:
  • The lithosphere (solid)
  • The hydrosphere (liquid)
  • The atmosphere (gas)
• Biotic Environment: This component consists of plants and animals, including

The Savage Male: Yanomamo Aggression and Society

1. Literal Comprehension of Yanomamo Conflict

The Yanomamo are one of the most aggressive, war-loving, and male-oriented societies in the world. The bodies of adult males and females are covered with wounds and scars. Wives must obey their husbands without question.

Ritualized Duels and Warfare Practices

• Chest-Pounding Duels: The guest hits the host's chest with a fist as hard as possible. Later, the host reciprocates by hitting the guest back. The more one receives, the more one can hit back.
• Side-Slapping Duels: The opponent hits with open hands just below the ribs.
• Club Fights: The competitor strikes the head with a pole.
• Spear Fights: This is the most dangerous form of conflict.

Fighting against...