Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

National and International Music Repertoires

National Repertoire in Spain

In Spain, the National Library joined the Hispanic Bibliographic Institute in 1987. This institute has included musical material since 1985-86, as musical documents did not appear in Spanish literature records since 1968. Important musicological journals include Acta Musicologica and Fontes Artis Musicae.

International Music Directories

• RILM: International Directory of Musical Literature. Founded in the USA in 1967, it covers music and musicology with over 400,000 records including journal articles, books, theses, reports, electronic resources, and scores.
• RISM: International Directory of Musical Sources. Founded in Paris in 1952. Of the four music sources, we currently have

Historical Context of Plato

This text belongs to the philosopher Plato, active during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Plato aspired to be a political reformer and believed that governance must be rooted in wisdom and learning.

Core Themes

The central theme of the text is the dialectic ascent—the degrees of knowledge that correlate with levels of reality. We must gradually overcome sensory limitations to achieve the Idea of the Good, which provides both theoretical and practical wisdom.

Main Ideas

• Sensible World: Contains physical objects perceived through the senses, illuminated by the Sun.
• Intelligible World: Contains ideas known through reason. The Idea of the Good is supreme, producing truth and knowledge.
• The Soul: Upon reaching the Idea of the

Ethics: Fundamental Concepts

Ethics Defined

Ethics: Moral behavior of humans in society.

Moral Standards (MS)

Moral standards explain:

• Bad/False Morality (B. falsos or B. placntero)
• Useful Morality (B. apropiado)
• Appropriate Morality (B. apropiado)

Ethical Function (EF)

The human being has autonomy, independent of everything and everyone. The law subjects the human attempt to do good. Influence others to maintain good conduct and be a good example.

Principle of Double Effect

This principle assumes that actions that might cause harm are not bad when there is a reason that justifies the action, and the damage caused is beyond the scope of the justification for the action itself.

Habeas Data

A judicial process whose finality is to keep or prevent the dissemination...

Casos Prácticos de Derecho Romano

Compilación y resolución de supuestos prácticos de Derecho Romano relativos a propiedad, derechos reales, servidumbres, usufructo y contratos, analizando las acciones procesales, las instituciones jurídicas aplicables y las soluciones jurisprudenciales clásicas.

1. El Oso Fugitivo

Partes y acciones:

• Cayo contra Ticio: Actio ad exhibendum, actio reivindicatoria y actio doli.
• Ticio contra Cayo: Actio de pauperie, actio legis Aquiliae y exceptio iusti dominii.

Instituciones: Ocupación, posesión y pérdida de la adquisición propia, culpa en la custodia y hurto.

Soluciones:

1. El oso pertenece a Cayo; por tanto, Ticio tiene que responder y pagar los daños causados.
2. El oso recobra su libertad natural; su dueño legítimo

Integrative and Collaborative Negotiation

Redefine problems through an exchange of interests to achieve better results for both parties. The basic principle of this model is that both sides gain; there is always a better deal available if parties are willing to invest the time to find it. Integrative negotiation focuses on the interests of individuals rather than just their positions.

The 4 Basic Principles

• People: Separate the people from the problem.
• Interests: Focus on interests, not positions.
• Options: Find alternatives to generate mutual benefits.
• Criteria: Search for objective standards to evaluate results.

Ten Commandments of Integrative Negotiation

1. Do not treat colleagues as adversaries; maintain a cordial and respectful tone.
2. The main objective

Nature, Concepts, and Classes of Legal Principles

We bring together doctrinal positions in two major sections: the claim that principles are rules and the negation of that claim.

Principles as Normative Standards

General principles indicate behaviors that are considered valuable and, therefore, must be performed. Accordingly, it is affirmed that they constitute a kind of rule, since they always guide action by prescribing or prohibiting something. Generally speaking, rules can be defined as the set of principles and regulations that govern community life; they are one of the instruments of social control that upholds the organization of society.

The doctrine lists several traits that characterize principles and distinguish them from other rules:...

Remains: Challenging Patriarchy and Caste

With the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Hindu fundamentalism, Indian feminists criticize so-called development. Under globalization and economic success—especially in the IT sector—women and minorities are often neglected. Feminist resistance, therefore, targets more than just patriarchy. Indian society celebrates shakti (the divine feminine creative power), yet controls women through sharam (shame/modesty). A woman’s sexuality is tied to izzat (family honor), meaning women carry the responsibility for male behavior, female desire is policed, and patriarchal control is naturalized.

In The Remains of the Feast, Rukmini, a 90-year-old Brahmin widow, has lived a life shaped by:

• Gender

The New School Movement: Historical Foundations

At the end of the 19th century in the U.S. and Europe:

• New methods were tested.
• Didactic resources were designed.
• New programs and textbooks were developed.

After the war, education was viewed as a means to avoid future barbarism. In 1921, the Congress of Calais adopted 30 principles; however, these did not penetrate society deeply because politicians sought to distance themselves from the efforts of pedagogues and educators.

Background and Influences

The movement was shaped by several traditions:

• Pedagogical tradition: Basedow and Rousseau.
• Medical currents: Messmer.
• Drill and structure: Montessori, Decroly, Itard, and Séguin.
• American influence (1860–1900): Dewey and Herbartian theories.

Additionally,...

The Dynamics of Personality

Personality is the dynamic organization of elements that shape our reality as human beings.

It is often said that life is like a theater, in which each of us plays a role, displays specific behavior, and fulfills a certain function.

Personality is a comprehensive set of physical, psychological, social, and cultural elements that belong to us. It is also defined as the set of behavior patterns and potential residing in an individual, constantly interacting between heredity and the environment—key factors that constitute our personality.

Four Key Elements of Personality

1. Thought
2. Affection (Emotional response)
3. The way we deal with circumstances
4. Specific type of Conduct (Behavior)

Three Factors Constituting Personality

1. Genotypes

Fundamental Notions of Tax Law

Humans have multiple needs, both individual and collective. The logical framework for the current organization of social groups is the state.

The state requires funding to meet the needs of its people and has two primary options:

1. To borrow, either domestically or internationally.
2. To raise resources through taxes.

The Core Conflict in Taxation

A fundamental conflict arises between the state's need to mobilize resources and the perspective of individuals, who feel that taxes take away their money.

The Search for Equilibrium

The essence of tax law is the search for an equilibrium between the state and individuals. This involves answering three fundamental questions:

• What to tax? Before creating a tax, it is necessary to determine