Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

Philosophical Perspectives on Knowledge

According to Aristotle, knowledge originates from the five senses, followed by imagination and fantasy, culminating in understanding.

Key Philosophical Stances

• Subjectivism: Focuses on the individual subject's perception and experience.
• Objectivism: Focuses on the object or external reality, independent of the subject.
• Micro-Macro Cosmic Perspective: Views the universe as interconnected, emphasizing a deeper, more humble understanding without inherent distinctions between scales.
• Rationalism: Posits reason as the primary source of knowledge, often associated with exact sciences.
• Criticism (Critical Philosophy): Represents an attempt to reconcile and transcend both rationalism and empiricism. While acknowledging

Religious Education Competencies 11–20

11. Linguistic Competence

Linguistic competence constitutes the very essence of competence in a belief-based curriculum for religion. It uses language as the primary element for understanding reality and for organizing knowledge.

12. The Four PISA Competencies

In 1997 the OECD launched the PISA project to produce indicators of student performance. PISA assesses students' preparedness to face life. The four assessed domains are:

1. Mathematics
2. Reading
3. Science
4. Problem solving

13. New Profile of Teaching Religion

The new profile of teaching religion includes ten characteristics:

1. Active nature
2. Reality of the environment
3. Role concepts
4. Curriculum objectives
5. Active methodology
6. Real situations and environmental problems
7. Shared

Law and Social Change

Law is a network of relationships covering economy, politics, ideology, and culture. Therefore, law either:

• A) Changes with social transformations, or
• B) Acts as a factor of social change and transformation.

Cotterrell defines this as an alteration in modes of conduct established in a society, occurring with different intensities according to changes in individual behavior patterns, groups, or the value blocks of society at large. Historically, changing a habit solely through law is a failure. Society has non-codified rules (such as traditions, customs, and social practices), and attempting change through legislation alone often seems negative.

A) Social Change Produces a Change in the Law

Social change in modern society affects...

Understanding Your Vocation

Your destination is an imperious tendency toward a particular way of life for the realization of your potential. Vocation is a force that operates both inside the individual, pushing them to act in pursuit of their life project, and outside, where the needs of society provide a real and concrete framework for its expression.

It is the inner force that drives and energizes a person to be held in society. This force is a double called Vocation: EXTERIOR (requirement of the company) and INTERNAL (internal needs).

Part Three: Organization for Creation and Sustainability

Item 7: Develop the Will to Act & Form a Group Motor

Go Meet People & Understand the Context

The purpose of community work is the establishment and/or accompaniment of groups in carrying out social development projects.

During the immersion process and gaining knowledge of the social space in which they work, the professional in social intervention often detects a collective problem. Regarding this problem, there might be a passive attitude of waiting or demanding action from others. Imagining that a community worker's action develops solely from an explicit request by people can be, in many cases, an error and naive.
It's an error because someone who does not perceive themselves...

Understanding the Welfare State

The welfare state is a concept where the state or society assumes responsibility for the social and economic well-being of its members. This responsibility is generally understood as comprehensive and universal, as "welfare" is a broad concept applicable to everyone.

Core Principles and Responsibilities

For some, such welfare is considered a fundamental right, whether a human, natural, or specific social right. For others, no such inherent right exists; instead, they view it as a duty of the state, society, or its members—often termed social responsibility.

This duty may or may not be seen as stemming from a moral or legal concept of joint liability, potentially arising from a hypothetical social contract. Such...

The Nature of Reality and Social Constructs

• Scope (CSS): The nature of humanity (giza), human identity (guizatasuna), hegemony, lived experience (bizi), time, space, and reality.
• Boundaries (isutasunak) and social thinking (sziala).

Educator Roles and Characteristics (Irakasleak)

• Thoughtful and active engagement.
• Focus on human relationships.
• Acting as a key actor/facilitator.

Evolution of Social Order (16th–19th Centuries)

The evolution of agriculture (XVI–XIX centuries) shaped the social order, contrasting with the industrial era's violent, hierarchical national structures.

Developmental Status and Logic

• Concrete Status (Ages 0–6): Reality lacks a direct relationship with the "ego."
• Specific Logic (Ages 6+): Abilities develop, focusing on the

1. Romanticism: Philosophical and Literary Origins

Romanticism is a philosophical, artistic, and literary movement that spread throughout Europe during the first half of the 19th century. It emerged initially in England and the Netherlands as a reaction to the rationalism of Enlightenment thought.

2. The Romantic Novel

The Romantic novel is defined by a defense of freedom at individual, collective, or national levels.

Key Characteristics:

• Rebel: Romantic writers challenge moral issues or the values of their time.
• Evasion: Due to conflict with contemporary society, writers take refuge in the past, attaching great importance to historical reality.
• Sentimentalism: Writers prioritize the expression of feelings over the description of factual realities.

Juridical Persons — Article 545 (Civil Code)

Juridical persons are fictitious persons that exercise rights and obligations and can be represented in and out of court, as set out in Civil Code Article 545. Legal nature:

Theoretical Approaches to Legal Personality

Fiction theory (Savigny): Savigny maintained that the only real persons are natural human beings. Under the fiction theory, legal persons are legal fictions created by the legislator to satisfy social or collective interests. A group of people who share a common objective, possess a common will and an estate, and act in the field of law may be treated like a single legal person. The basis of this view is the legal fiction rather than natural existence or a state concession.

Realist theory:

   1.Argument: a set Of propositions consisting of premises and a conclusion.Deduction: Arguments where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.Induction: Arguments where the conclusion follows from the premises with some degree of Probability. Validity: when It is impossible for a deductive argument to have all true premises and a false Conclusion. Soundness: when a Deductive argument is valid and all the premises are actually true.Strength: when The conclusion is probable/likely relative to the premises in an inductive Argument. Reliability: when An inductive argument is strong and all the premises are actually true.It is important because is like the basis of Everything. It brings some structure of were to start the argument,