Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

Deontology and the Science of Morality

Jeremy Bentham, in his work on Deontology, explored the science of morality and the various duties incumbent upon human beings. Bentham's ethics focus on the duties each person owes to themselves and to others. Deontology, the study of duties, must be approached ethically, as a science or treatise on obligations.

Two key aspects are law and morality. Morality comprises the set of independent and internal rules that govern human actions concerning good and evil.

Historical Perspectives on Ethics

Aristotle's Ethics

Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics, discussed virtues and the pursuit of a good life (Eudaimonia).

Marcus Cicero on Virtues

Marcus Cicero identified prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance as...

Theories of Violence in the Family

Early Biological Theories

Early theories attempted to link the abuse of women to biological factors, sometimes referencing figures like Kempe. These theories suggested that abuse might be due to:

1. Violation of an organic nature (e.g., trauma).
2. Viral factors.
3. Substandard genetic makeup or imperfection.

These biological explanations are generally not accepted today as primary causes of domestic violence.

Psychological Theories of Abuse

This perspective focuses on the psychological basis of violence, suggesting that the aggressor may have serious psychological deficiencies or maladaptive ways of resolving conflicts. Psychological theories also consider the victim's personality, suggesting certain traits might make them...

Tax provisions: According to Article 11 LGT, compulsory contributions will be implemented in accordance with the criteria of residence and territoriality as legislation provides in each case. Absent any such provision, compulsory contributions of a personal nature will be applied in accordance with the residence criteria, while all other compulsory contributions will be applied in accordance with territoriality criteria.

According to this, the laws regulating each compulsory contribution can determine the application of spatial criteria, either the residence or the territoriality one. If the legislator does not provide any precise criteria:

• In compulsory contributions of a personal nature, we will apply the residence criteria.
• In other compulsory

Understanding Physiotherapy: Definition & Scope

Physiotherapy is the art and science of physical therapy. It encompasses a set of methods, activities, and techniques that, through the application of physical healing, aim to prevent disease, promote health, recover, and readjust individuals affected by somatic dysfunctions or those who wish to maintain an adequate level of health.

Furthermore, physiotherapy includes performing electrical and manual tests necessary to determine the extent of nerve involvement, muscle strength tests to determine functional abilities, measurements of range of joint movement and vital capacity, and diagnostic aids for monitoring progress.

Article 335: Expert Opinion in Legal Context

Article 335. Aim and purpose...

Foundational Concepts in Philosophy and Society

Societal Considerations

Large medical investment.

Improving infrastructure.

Understanding Beauty

Beauty offers different criteria, including:

• Moral Good: The ethical dimension of beauty.
• Truth: The alignment of beauty with reality.
• Symmetry: Balanced and harmonious proportions.
• Perfection of Sensory Pleasure: The ultimate satisfaction derived from sensory experience.

Defining Art

Art is that which humans create in juxtaposition with the works of nature.

The Nature of Rationality

Rationality enables humans to know and act upon appropriate, firm, and secure reasons. There are different levels of rationality:

• Intentionality: Acting with purpose.
• Adaptability: Adjusting to new circumstances.
• Ability to Reason: Logical

John Dewey (USA, 1859–1952)

Biography and career

John Dewey (USA, 1859–1952) earned a Ph.D. and taught at the University of Michigan. In 1904 he was appointed professor at Columbia University, where he served until his retirement.

Role of education

Role of education: Education is a constant reorganization of experience and is closely related to the community. Dewey assigned three main functions to education:

• Personal development
• Operation of equal opportunity
• Occupational integration in the economy

The learner

The learner: Children, when they enter school, do not start from scratch. They come with an impulse to communicate, to build, to probe, and to express. The child learns primarily through experience.

The teacher

The teacher: The teacher's role...

Essential Elements of an Employment Contract

An employment contract is defined by several key components:

• Consent: The manifestation of the will of the parties to conclude an agreement or contract.
• Object: The work performed under certain conditions in return for a wage.
• Cause: The reason why the contract is arranged.

Parties Involved in the Contract

The Worker

• Age: Individuals from 18 years can freely contract. Those aged 16 and 17 may sign with the consent of their parents. Individuals under 16 cannot work, except in specific cases such as public shows.
• Title: Requires the possession of the proper certification for the exercise of certain professions.
• Legal Incapacity: Occurs when a judicial decision dictates the inability to hire or work.
• Nationality:

Traditional School

The traditional model is characterized by an atemporal vision of human development, focusing on intellectual education, Latin, and a competitive system based on didactic instruction. It emphasizes authority, supervision, and punitive discipline, with the teacher as the central figure. The method is standardized for all students, aiming to prepare them for life beyond the classroom.

New School Movement

This approach emphasizes trust in the child's nature and the importance of student activity. Key features include:

• Strong teacher-student relationships
• Autonomy and self-government
• Field internships and co-education
• Natural gymnastics and crafts
• Balanced use of rewards and punishments

Neill and Summerhill

A.S. Neill posits that freedom...

Second Level: Draft Curriculum Center

It is important to differentiate between the Educational Project (PEC), which defines the identity of the Center. The PEC is an instrument for medium-term planning that aims to bring coherence and personality to the Centers. It is broader and includes both the PCC (Curriculum Project) and educational goals, as well as the Regulation on Organization and Operation (ROF). Its development is coordinated by the Management Team and should involve all sectors of the educational community, in accordance with guidelines developed by the School Board and proposals made by faculty and parent associations.

The PCC (Curriculum Project)

The PCC is the educational and didactic tool articulated in the medium to long term,...

Origins of Liberal Ideology

The precursor of this ideology was Thomas Hobbes, whose work raises some fundamental elements that constitute liberal thought. An interesting aspect of his work is his theory of the legitimacy of power. Hobbes was the initiator of methodological individualism, which breaks with the Aristotelian-scholastic tradition. In Hobbes' view, political society has an artificial origin. From there, it is necessary to justify the existence of political power. In his social contract theory, he answers the question of how and why each person must recognize their connection to state authority, arguing that the individual owes obedience to a real state able to accommodate the functions for which it is created, safeguarding social...