Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other subjects for University

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Establish Goals and Objectives

Goals and objectives emerge from the visioning and prioritizing processes. Although the terms ‘goal’ and ‘objective’ tend to be used synonymously, we use the word ‘goal’ to refer to a qualitative outcome and ‘objective’ to refer to a measurable outcome. For example, a CRM goal might be to acquire new customers. A related CRM objective could be to generate 200 additional leads by the fourth quarter of the next financial year.

SMART Criteria for Objectives

• Specific: Details exactly what needs to be done.
• Measurable: Achievement or progress can be measured.
• Achievable: Objective is accepted by those responsible for achieving it.
• Realistic: Objective is possible to attain, important for motivational effect.

What is Cost Accounting?

Cost accounting is a management information system that analyzes past, present, and future data to provide the basis for managerial action. It is concerned with providing information to assist with the following:

• Establishing inventory valuations, profits, and statement of financial position items
• Planning
• Control
• Decision making

Financial Accounting vs. Cost Accounting

Financial accounting is for external reporting, while cost accounting is for internal reporting. Financial accounts are prepared for individuals external to an organization, such as shareholders, customers, suppliers, and employees. Management accounts are prepared for the internal managers of an organization.

Key Terminology

Cost Objects

If the users of accounting...

Epidemiological Surveillance

A set of activities and procedures on sickness, death and syndromes under surveillance and compulsory notification, generating information on their behaviour and trends to support timely interventions and to achieve immediate control of such events.

Passive Surveillance

Passive surveillance is the routine system of reporting events, including the system of notifiable diseases.

It is often the simplest system to implement but can be complex to organize and maintain.

However, its main limitations are low specificity and limited representativeness; it depends on notification coverage, and reporting can be affected by trends that increase or decrease the number of reported cases.

Active Surveillance

Active surveillance is...

The Power of Direction

Decisions concerning the organization of production, general management of labor, and the content of work performance include:

• Organization of working time (hours, shifts, part-time contracts)
• Determining the place of work
• Changes in organizational control and surveillance powers
• Disciplinary powers and penalties
• Police powers

Limits: Constitutional rights, employment law, labor contracts, and collective conventions.

Functional Mobility

The employer has the faculty to instruct the worker unilaterally, without consent, to perform tasks outside their recognized professional group or job description to adapt work to the organizational needs of the company.

1. Internal Mobility

This occurs within the same professional group or equivalent...

Unit 6 .- The direction of change (I)
6.1 .- Introduction.
- Key elements for the management of strategic change: · Diagnosis. · Agents of change. · Levers of change. · Communication.
6.2 .- Diagnosis of the situation change.
· Types of change.
· The importance of context.
· Culture.
· Analysis of forces.
The importance of context: strategic change programs: Time, Scope, Preservation, Diversity, Capacity Qualitative, Quantitative Ability, Availability, Power.
Culture: The Paradigm: Stories, Symbols, Structures of power, structure, organization, control systems, rituals and routines.
Analysis of forces. Th element favoring the change. Th element holding back the change. * New items.
6.3 .- Change Management: styles and roles.

Chemical Standards and Calibration

Primary and Secondary Standards

• Primary Materials: Characterized by high purity and well-defined composition.
• Secondary Standards: Materials with less defined composition, purity, or limited stability; these must be contrasted against primary standards.

Quantitative Analysis and Measurement

Quantitative analysis aims to determine the specific quantity of analytes within a material. Every experimental measurement is characterized by an implicit uncertainty.

Analytical Methods

• Absolute Methods: Directly related to basic patterns.
• Stoichiometric Methods: Patterns are associated with chemical types that do not contain the analyte.
• Comparative Methods: Require calibration of the measuring instrument's response relative

Psycho-Industries: Applying Psychology at Work

Psycho-industries: Application of methods and principles of psychology to people in the job.

Aims:

• Ensure employees adapt to be more productive.
• Move forward with enthusiasm.
• Change leadership styles for better flexibility.
• Improve interpersonal conflict resolution.
• Develop creativity to boost decision-making skills.

Conduct of Man in Industrial Setting

• Role assignment, job description.
• Compliance with objectives.
• Objective performance evaluation.
• Competitive organization capacity to meet customer expectations in quality, service, opportunity, and values.

Industry: A Place to Study Behavior

• Determine interests and needs of people.
• Determine attitudes and skills required for the job.
• Meet needs to help people feel

Description of Environmental Noise

Noise is the most common contaminant and can be defined as any sound that the recipient qualifies as annoying, undesirable, inappropriate, or objectionable. What is music to one person may be classified as noise to another. In a broader sense, noise is any unwanted sound perceived by the receiver, and sound is defined as any physical agent that stimulates the sense of hearing.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is defined as interference in normal activities. That is, not simply the existence of high levels of noise, but people at risk and carrying out activities incompatible with such noise levels.

Noise Characteristics

• It is a spontaneous phenomenon that is linked to the activity schedule producing it.
• It does not

Understanding the Organization

An organization is a coordinated system comprising two or more persons whose cooperation is essential to its existence. For an organization to function, three conditions must be met:

• Communication: People must be capable of communicating.
• Willingness: Individuals must be willing to work together.
• Common Goal: There must be a shared objective to achieve.

Principles of Organizational Dynamics

1. Dynamic Nature: Organizations must be flexible to account for company changes.
2. Functions: These are the core entities around which a manager builds an effective organic structure.
3. Increased Organic Relations: As more people are added to an organizational structure, the number of organic relations increases at a significantly higher