Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Causes:

• Root Causes:

  • Socio-economic imbalance
  • Privileged social groups opposed the Republicans' reforms
  • Workers' disillusionment at the slowness of Republican reforms
  • Tradition of army intervention

• Immediate Causes:

  • Political violence
  • Deterioration of public order
  • Coup led by Sanjurjo, Mola, Franco, Godet, Queipo de Llano

Supporters:

• In Favor of the Coup:
  • Anti-Republicans
  • Falangists
  • Monarchists
  • Landowners
  • Church
  • Part of the army
  • Traditionalists
• Against the Coup:
  • Part of the military
  • National Police
  • Assault Guard
  • Working class
  • Part of the middle class

International Intervention:

• France and UK remained neutral
• No intervention, no help
• Non-Intervention Committee
• USSR sent weapons and money to the Communist Party
• International Brigades to fight for democracy
• Germany and Italy

The Phoney War

It was an eight-month period at the start of World War II (1939), during which there were almost no military operations. It was nicknamed “Phoney War” as it was compared to the gruesome early battles of WWI.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

He was the 32nd president of the United States at the time of World War Two.

Benito Mussolini

He was Duce (dictator) of the Italian Republic until his execution due to his alliance with Nazi Germany.

Vichy France

Political regime established by Marshal Philippe Pétain that ruled over those areas of France not occupied by Nazi Germany. It was created after the signing of the armistice with Nazi Germany and it lasted until August 1944.

Battle of El Alamein

It was an important battle that took place in Egypt...

Causes and Consequences of World War I (WW1)

Long-Term Causes of WW1

• Rivalry between France and Germany
• Colonial rivalry
• Naval rivalry
• Berlin Conference (A meeting held to divide Africa)

Short-Term Causes

• Nationalist movements (Protest against the empires)
• Militarism (Arms race and preparation of soldiers)

Trigger Event

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Consequences of WW1

Demographic Consequences

• Approximately 9 million deaths.
• Decrease in birth rates.
• The spread of the Spanish Flu pandemic.

Political Consequences

• Rise of extreme ideologies (Right and Left).
• Establishment of parliamentary democracies.
• Disappearance of major empires.
• Creation of new states (e.g., Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova).
• Establishment of the League of Nations.
• Signing of the Treaty

Andrew Jackson strongly opposed the power of the National Bank, which he believed prevented state banks from issuing too much paper money. Jackson felt that the National Bank primarily benefited wealthy bankers in the North and expansion-minded investors. In 1832, Jackson vetoed the renewal of the National Bank's charter, a move that significantly contributed to his election victory that year. He successfully persuaded a majority of Americans that the Bank was "subversive to the rights of the states." Middle-class Americans, in particular, celebrated Jackson's veto, as they believed it would provide them with greater opportunities for financial advancement. In 1833, Jackson appointed a new head to the Treasury Department and transferred federal...

Verdicts (Conclusions)

In 1937, prosperity seemed to be returning, and Roosevelt cut the New Deal budget. He laid off many workers who had been employed by the New Deal’s organizations, and the cut in spending triggered other cuts throughout the economy. Unemployment rose again.

This damaged Roosevelt badly. Middle-class voters lost some confidence in him, and in 1938, Republicans did well in the congressional elections, making it harder for Roosevelt to push his reforms through Congress. However, he was elected again in 1940.

Aspect 1: A New Society?

• The New Deal restored the faith of the American people in their government.
• It set the tone for future government policies aimed at helping people.
• It handled billions of dollars of public money with

Historical Context and Political Movements

The excerpt was written in response to the British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies.

Core Ideological Influences

• Enlightenment Ideas: These concepts were most consistent with the ideas expressed during the period.
• Demographic Shifts: Ngai's argument utilizes data revealing the Great Migration and the foreign-born population.

Washington's Presidency and Foreign Policy

• French Relations: Washington's concerns were primarily driven by the controversy regarding support for France.
• League of Nations: Washington expressed a refusal to join the League of Nations.
• Political Opposition: The Democratic-Republicans were the primary group that opposed Washington's policies.

Identify Key Figures

• Alcalá Zamora: First president of the republican government and first resident of the republic.
• Lerroux: Leader of the Radical Party and head of the government during the consecutive biennium.
• Largo Caballero: President of the republic in September 1936.
• Franco: Military leader who started leading the rebels in October 1936.
• Negrín: President of the republic in 1937 with the support of the communists.

Define Key Concepts

• Popular Front: Coalition of left-wing republicans to contest the elections of February 1936.
• Militia: Voluntary civilian force organized by unions or political parties who fought in the war on the side of the republic.
• Problem of Land Ownership: Problem consisted of hundreds of thousands of landless workers living

Key Factors in the Discovery of New Lands

• The Conquest of Constantinople
• The end of the Reconquista
• Growing acceptance of the idea that the Earth was a sphere
• Technical inventions (compass, astrolabe, etc.)
• A new mentality (Humanism)

How Authoritarian Monarchies Reinforced Their Power

• Unifying and extending their territories through marriage and war
• Imposing regular taxes
• Appointing high public officials, summoning the Parliament, and limiting the autonomy of cities by sending corregidores
• Establishing the court in one city
• Maintaining a professional, permanent army
• Establishing a diplomatic system

Humanism in Italy

• Florence: Medici family (patrons who subsidized the arts). Machiavelli, political writer.
• Rome: Papal court. Nicolas de Cusa: humanistic writings.

Major Achievements of the Peace Accord

After 46 years, both Israel and Palestine accepted the UN proposal of 1947 and agreed to exist in peace and security without terrorism. Their handshake was the moment that everyone had hoped for over many years.

The Future of Jerusalem

Both Israelis and Palestinians wanted it as their capital. Israelis were determined to ensure that they continued to control all of the city and that it remained their capital. By late 1990, East Jerusalem was encircled by Israeli settlements containing 150,000 Israelis.

An Independent Palestinian State

It was uncertain if this state would include all of Palestine, meaning the end of Israel, or if it would just consist of the territories of the West Bank and Gaza.

Palestinian

3A -Stages of life

1. Infancy

2. Childhood

3. Adolescence

4. Adulthood

5. Middle age

6. Old age