Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

How Did Castile Evolve?

Castile's Rise

Under the Caliphate of Cordoba, the Muslims attacked Leon. At the same time, Castile became Muslim independent. Castile provided defense against attacks from the valley of the River Ebro. It was divided into counties under the Count Fernan Gonzalez (930–970).

Leon began to decline at the end of the 10th century. This increased the power of the counts of the kings of Castile and Navarre. In 1035, Castile became an independent kingdom.

The Pyrenean Region

The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire. In the 9th century, the Carolingian Empire dissolved. Three different independent regions were formed: Navarre, Aragon, and the Catalan counties.

The Kingdom of Navarre

From the 10th...

The Birth of the United States

Reasons for Independence

• The English colonists had settled in the 13 colonies of the Atlantic coast.
• Britain set taxes.
• In 1773, Britain attempted to subdue the colonists; the war was inevitable.

Key Historical Facts

• On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia.
• The North American army, commanded by George Washington, defeated British troops. France and Spain helped the rebels.
• Peace was signed in 1783; the new country was called the United States of America, and its first president was George Washington.

The U.S. Constitution

In 1787, the U.S. Constitution was approved, which still stands today. The political system acquired was a federal republic. In the Constitution, the principles...

The Cold War: USA vs. USSR

The Cold War was defined by political tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR. While there was no direct war, the constant fear of nuclear conflict shaped global policy.

Formation of Blocs

In 1947, the Truman Doctrine aimed to stop communism, while the Marshall Plan provided economic aid to Europe. By 1949, NATO was established as a Western military alliance.

USSR Response:

• 1949: COMECON provided economic aid to the East.
• 1955: The Warsaw Pact was formed as a communist military alliance.

The world was divided into two blocs: the Western capitalist nations and the Eastern communist nations.

Initial Phase (1947–)

The Greek Civil War saw the USSR and USA supporting opposing sides. In Germany, Western zones united,...

Character & Conflict Analysis

Robinchon's Defeat by Marquis de Theremin

Question: How was Robinchon defeated by Marquis de Theremin? (4 marks)

Answer: Robinchon was defeated by the Marquis through a clever trick. The Marquis used his intelligence and experience to outwit Robinchon, exposing his lack of real knowledge and making him appear foolish in front of others. This resulted in Robinchon losing both credibility and respect.

Robinchon's Lecture at Apperville sous Bois

Question: What was the effect of Robinchon’s lecture at Apperville sous Bois? (2 marks)

Answer: Robinchon’s lecture left the audience unimpressed, leading to his humiliation.

Themes of Love & Sacrifice

Jim and Della: A Comparison to the Magi

Question: Why were Jim and Della...

Introduction

Despite the distinctive contexts and settings of the literary text "Ransom" by David Malouf and the film "The Queen" directed by Stephen Frears, the notion of grief and its exploration is central to both. As Malouf presents us with the image of Hector's lifeless body being dragged through the sediment, we are reminded of how difficult it is to overcome grief. Indeed, past habits can heavily restrict and hinder the process of healing. Both texts delve into how grief can be overcome by connecting with others, nature, and oneself. Furthermore, both the director and author advocate that overcoming grief unlocks a wealth of benefits.

Views and Values

• Malouf advocates that despite one's societal status, paternal duty is still valued and

UNIT 1: THE 18TH CENTURY. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

1. Enlightenment:

• In what century and in what country did it begin?

During the 18th century, in France

• State three characteristics of the Enlightenment

Confidence in reason = believing that is the only way to understand the world and achieve progress and happiness

Faith in human progress = achieved through the advances made in science, which should lead all people to happiness

• Indicate one important philosopher and describe his thinking.

Voltaire: 'Let us read, and let’s us dance; these two amusements never do any harm to the world'

2. The American Revolution

• Indicate two causes why they wanted to be independent

1) Discontent of the colonies who lacked representation in British parliament

2) The da park

Fascism

Characteristics

• Totalitarianism
• Irrationalism
• Radical Nationalism
• Racism & Xenophobia
• Anti: Communism, Liberalism, Feminism
• Imperialism & Militarism
• Corporate State
• Capitalism
• Opposition to International Institutions

Causes

• Frustration (Treaty of Versailles)
• Post-War Crisis
• Bankruptcy of Liberal Parliamentary System (No Party Won Election)
• Irrationalism (Violence)

Timeline

1921

• PNF (National Fascist Party) founded by Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)

1922

• Blackshirts (paramilitary fascist militias) - March on Rome
• Victor Emmanuel III forms a new government with Mussolini in control

1925

• Assassination of Giacomo Matteotti (critic of fascist militias)
• Parliament dissolved and fascist dictatorship established (prohibition and control)

1929

• Crisis leads to a policy

Key Concepts and Events

Nueva Planta Decrees

After the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V approved these decrees, replacing existing laws and institutions in the Crown of Aragon. This consolidated power under the monarchy.

Land Ownership

• Manos Muertas (Mortmain): Land owned by the Church and religious orders, which could not be sold.
• Mayorazgos: Land owned by noble families, inherited entirely by the firstborn son.
• Realengos: Land owned by the king.

Economic Developments

Domestic Trade: Initially hindered by internal customs and poor road conditions. The Bourbons invested in infrastructure and created the intendente role to organize provincial economies.

The Catastro: A comprehensive registry of rural and urban properties.

Royal Factories: Grand...