Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The First Spanish Republic (1873-1874)

Following the abdication of King Amadeo I, Republican sectors, who had emerged from the Democrats, convinced the House that the alternative was a republic. In 1873, the Courts, in a joint session of Congress and the Senate, voted for the constitution of a republic, whose first president was Estanislao Figueras.

Social Challenges and Political Mistrust

The lack of political conviction and mistrust of republicanism that the new form of government raised among the popular sectors were the main problems which confronted the young republic. The popular classes did not get a clear answer to their demands for the abolition of taxes and the unfair system of recruitment, known as the quintas. The Republic was clearly...

Charles V's Empire: Internal Conflicts: Communities and Germanías

The succession problem of the Catholic Monarchs is as follows: Elizabeth died in 1504, and her daughter, Joan, who was showing signs of insanity, inherited the crown of Castile. The queen herself wrote that if her daughter could not rule, her husband, Ferdinand, should reign until Joan's son, Charles, came of age. Philip, husband of Joan, claimed the throne, and Ferdinand the Catholic returned to govern Aragon and married another woman, a French princess (for political interests). However, Philip the Fair died.

Joan went down in history as Joan the Mad, although it was possibly depression. Ferdinand took over the government.

Upon Ferdinand's death in 1516, Charles inherited Aragon...

Reign of Philip III (1598-1621)

At the beginning of his reign, Philip III inherited a complex geopolitical landscape: peace with France, ongoing war with England, and a theoretical peace with the Dutch Republic, as the Southern Netherlands had been ceded to his sister, Isabel Clara Eugenia. Despite initial peace, Spain soon became re-engaged in the Eighty Years' War.

The death of Queen Elizabeth I led to peace with England under the new king, James I, who also made peace with Spain. Some painful defeats, such as the Battle of the Dunes, fostered an understanding with the Dutch Republic. This resulted in the Twelve Years' Truce, signed in 1609, granting Spain nine years of peace.

In 1618, the Thirty Years' War began. Spain sent troops to aid their...

The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht

Upon the death of Charles II without issue, two primary candidates emerged for the Spanish Crown: Archduke Charles of Austria and Philip of Anjou. Philip of Anjou was declared heir in 1700, with the crucial condition of maintaining Spain's territorial integrity.

European countries feared that an alliance between France and Spain, both governed by the same family, would create a dominant power in Europe. Consequently, the Grand Alliance of The Hague was formed, and European powers declared war on France in 1702, initiating the War of Spanish Succession.

Within the Hispanic Monarchy, the conflict also became a civil war:

• Castile supported Philip of Anjou, favoring a centralized state.
• Aragon

The First Carlist War: A Detailed Account

Phases of the First Carlist War

1. Formation of the Basque-Navarrese Insurrection (1833-1835)

   The army managed to suppress Elizabethan Carlist nuclei, except in the Basque Country and Navarra, where Carlist Colonel Zumalacarregui formed an army from the existing guerrilla bands.

2. The National Expeditions (1836-1837)

   The Carlists organized forays outside of the two nuclei in their control (Basque Country and the Mastership). Several military expeditions traveled the Cristino territory, but hardly found popular support. The most important was the actual issue.

3. The Elizabethan Initiative and the Convention of Vergara (1837-1839)

   The signing of the Convention of Vergara (1839) was symbolically sealed with the embrace

The Roaring Twenties: Prosperity and Collapse

The Roaring Twenties refers to the period of significant economic prosperity in the U.S. from 1922 to 1929, marking an expansive phase of an economic cycle. This widespread prosperity benefited society, driving unprecedented economic growth that ultimately led to a speculative bubble. However, this prosperity was short-lived, culminating on October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, with the onset of the Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression.

Fascism: Ideology of Totalitarianism and Crisis

Fascism was an ideology that emerged after World War I amidst a scenario of profound crisis. Fascists advocated for:

• Totalitarianism
• A dictatorial one-party system
• Anti-democracy and anti-liberalism
• Anti-

The Era of Decolonization: A Global Shift

The era of decolonization was one of the two great historical feats of the 20th century. Old European powers were forced to acknowledge new nations and states in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Twenty years after World War II, the great colonial empires disappeared. Many of these countries, born from the emancipation process, today occupy most of the global population's territory. However, they had to face several problems:

• The inequality and poverty of their people led them to seek help from their former metropolises.
• The need and pressure from two isolated blocks led to the birth of the so-called Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement.

The socioeconomic distances between the new nations and the rich...

Causes and Origins of the Birth of Blocs and the Cold War

The Issue of Iran

Iran, a country occupied during the war by the Soviet and British armies, faced a critical situation. Due to strategic and economic interests, neither army withdrew after the war, aiming to keep Iran under control. American intervention eventually forced the withdrawal of the Soviets.

Eastern Europe

Stalin's expansion in Eastern Europe did not fulfill his promise to hold free elections in countries liberated by the Soviet advance. He expanded his zone of influence by imposing communist regimes by force in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, and East Germany.

The Question of Greece

In Greece, a civil war occurred in 1946 between communist...

Espartero's Retirement

In 1856, Espartero chose to retire.

The Liberal Union Government

The Liberal Union government saw the toggling of power between the union of the Liberal and Moderate parties, led by O'Donnell and Narvaez. In his first term, O'Donnell restored the Constitution of 1845. During O'Donnell's longest period in government, the reign was marked by economic exuberance and active foreign interventionism in Morocco, as well as a failed attempt to retrieve Santo Domingo.

Final Stage of the Reign of Elizabeth II

Towards the end of 1862, the Liberal Union government began to lose credibility. The Progressives, seeing that the electoral system and the Queen's position would not allow them access to power, withdrew from parliamentary life....