Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The Proclamation of the Republic and Constitutional Period

Elections and the Provisional Government

On April 12, 1931, municipal elections were held by universal male suffrage. On April 14, elected council members proclaimed the Republic, and King Alfonso XIII decided to give up and relinquish royal power in the country. In Madrid, representatives of various parties formed a provisional government and proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic. This government immediately called for constituent parliamentary elections and enacted a series of urgent measures. The new Republic's promises garnered widespread popular support, but also faced animosity from large landowners, the financial oligarchy, parts of the Army, and the Church. The general elections...

Key Formulas and Concepts

• Ea = Er * (Xi-X) / X DataTraveler 100
• Class = Ea / FE DataTraveler 100
• p = No (No products) · p (unitario PRICE) = Cf + Cu · n
• Q (Optimal Lot) = [2k (cost realization Checkout) * Q (full productions a year) / g (annual cost)]

Historical Timeline

1939-1945: Early Franco Era

1939 -> Responsibility '40-Civiles> Masonry and Suppression.

'39-'45-> 10,000 executed.

1943-1950s: Post-War and Isolation

'43 (Cortes) and Spanish Law -> last fascist redoubt-> Fr '48' 46 UN ambassadors and eliminate military tribunals. Isolation affects business-> succession laws kingdom. Cold War-> '50 UN Mars' 53

1960s: Technocratic Modernization

'60s-'69-> Technocratic-> Modernization of society and economy. '66 Press law, religious...

Early 20th Century Spanish Politics

Regenerationism and Political Reform

Polavieja Government

Attempted political system reform and tax reform, facing opposition.

Maura Government

Implemented the Electoral Act of 1907 and social laws. Forged an agreement with Catalan nationalists but also oversaw the harsh repression of the Tragic Week.

Canalejas Government

Introduced further reforms, including labor laws (the "Padlock Law") and changes to the tax system. Canalejas was assassinated by an anarchist in 1912.

Opposition Forces

• Republicanism
• Carlism and Traditionalism
• Working Class Movement (PSOE, UGT, and CNT)

The Evolution of Catalanism

Political Organizations

• Regionalist League Hegemony
• Catalan Solidarity Coalition (1906)
• Strengthening of the Catalan Republicans

Commonwealth

The Final Years of the Franco Dictatorship (1973–1975)

The Crisis of Continuity and the Carrero Blanco Assassination

The Franco regime failed to adapt to social demands within the changing international context, which ultimately precipitated its end. The crisis intensified with the appointment of Carrero Blanco as President in 1973. His role was intended to ensure the continuity of the regime after Franco's death. However, on December 20 of that year, Carrero Blanco was assassinated by ETA in a car bombing in Madrid.

This event widened the split between two factions:

• The Immobile (The Bunker): Those calling for strict continuity, opposed to change. This group, composed of military commanders and old Falangists, formed the "Bunker."
• The Overtures:

Item 10

Causes of World War II

German Expansionist Policies

The first consequence of Hitler's rise to power was Germany's abandonment of the League of Nations, signaling their rejection of international politics. In order to form a victorious Reich and succeed in imposing their Lebensraum (living space) in Europe, Germany annexed the Saar region in 1935. Following this, the German rearmament began, leading to the remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936.

Weakness of Western Democracies

The Spanish Civil War facilitated the approach between Hitler and Mussolini, who supported the Nationalist insurgents against the Second Spanish Republic. In 1936, the Rome-Berlin Axis was formalized. Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany against the...

Autarky in Francoist Spain (1939-1951)

The period of autarky (1939-1951) was marked by a severe economic crisis and a low standard of living, which did not recover until 1956. Food rationing was common, with citizens relying on ration booklets.

Causes and Consequences of Autarky

The effects of the Civil War were devastating, including destroyed infrastructure and an estimated 300,000 young deaths. The regime pursued economic nationalism (autarky), aiming for self-sufficiency by relying solely on domestic resources. This involved minimal foreign trade and strict state intervention in wages, prices, and production. The state often purchased food from farmers, but farmers frequently withheld produce to sell it on the more lucrative black market....

Tsarist Russia in the Early 20th Century

In the early twentieth century, Russia was a vast empire ruled by tsars under a form of absolute monarchy. It was very far behind other European powers, largely due to its archaic system.

• Tsarist Autocracy

  The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia with a harsh absolutist regime. Tsars controlled all powers and exercised them without limitations. This regime was supported by the landed nobility, the state bureaucracy, the army, and the Orthodox Church. It also imposed harsh repression and censorship.

• Archaic Pre-Industrial Economy

  The economic structure was agro-based, with agriculture being the dominant activity. Large estates were worked by masses of peasants and penniless owners using primitive and traditional exploitation

The Ominous Decade (1823-1833)

The period known as the "Ominous Decade" (1823-1833) in Spanish history was marked by a new restoration of absolutism. This era witnessed the suppression of all constitutional reforms initiated during the Liberal Triennium. The Inquisition was not restored, but the government engaged in ruthless political repression against liberals. The state debt worsened, and ultra-royalist factions gained prominence. The reign saw the rise of figures like A. Reg, even reaching the point of revolts. The problem of succession became acute due to Ferdinand VII's childlessness after three marriages. To address this, Queen Maria Cristina published the Pragmatic Sanction, nullifying the Salic Law, which radicalized ultra-absolutists....

The Political Offensive: Creation of the Soviet Union (1921-1922)

Between 1921 and 1922, stricter policies were implemented to consolidate power:

• Internal currents were banned within the Communist Party.
• Uprisings were crushed by the army.
• Violent repression was carried out against all political opposition.
• Civil rights were curtailed, and critical intellectuals were imprisoned.
• The Orthodox Church was also persecuted.

The Creation of the Soviet State

The Congress of Soviets adopted a series of measures to establish a Soviet socialist state. Lenin signed two key decrees:

• The Decree on Peace, which invited warring governments to a just and democratic peace without annexations or indemnities.
• The Decree on Land, which expropriated the lands of large landowners,

The 1898 Spanish-American War

Spanish Strategy in Cuba

In the escalating conflict in Cuba, General Martínez Campos was replaced by General Valeriano Weyler. Weyler implemented a controversial policy of reconcentración (reconcentration), forcibly concentrating the rural population into fortified villages under military watch. This strategy aimed to prevent support from reaching the separatist guerrillas.

However, the effectiveness of Spanish troops was hampered by the tenacious guerrilla tactics employed by the Cuban forces. Despite the large size of the Spanish army, they struggled to control the situation. Furthermore, the poor living conditions within the reconcentration camps led to widespread epidemics, causing significant casualties among...