Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Consequences of World War II

Territorial Impact

• The Soviet Union expanded its territory, annexing parts of Poland, Romania, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
• Poland gained territory from Germany but became landlocked.
• Italy ceded territories to Yugoslavia and Greece, recognized Albania's independence, and relinquished its African colonies.
• Germany and Berlin were divided into four occupation zones.
• Austria was also divided into four occupation zones due to its support of Germany.
• Japan lost islands to the Soviet Union and the U.S. and came under U.S. command.

Demographic Consequences

• Millions died, were wounded, or went missing, with the highest number of civilian casualties.
• The Nazi extermination of Jews resulted in millions of deaths.
• New borders

The Second Revolutionary Wave (1829-1834)

The second revolutionary wave, spanning from 1829 to 1834, impacted all of Europe west of Russia and North America. This period coincided with President Jackson's reformist era in the United States. Key events include:

• Belgium gaining independence from Holland in 1830.
• Suppression of the Polish revolution by Russian forces.
• Political upheaval in Italy and Germany.
• The triumph of liberalism in Switzerland and Spain.
• Civil wars erupting in Portugal.
• England's acceptance of the Reform Act of 1832.

This wave, more significant than the 1820 uprisings, marked the decline of aristocratic power. Constitutional political systems emerged in England, France, and Belgium. In America, Jacksonian democracy further weakened...

Dependent Clauses in Spanish Grammar

Substantive Clauses

Depending on the subject:

• It is possible that war breaks out
• Reading books enriches us culturally

Depending on adjacent (prepositional complement of a name):

• We are confident that he will step down

Depending on the complement of an adjective:

• There were many Members pursuant to which the law was passed

Based on the completion of an adverb:

• She was close to uncovering the culprit

Based on attribute:

• Peter is the one that climbs up the walls

In terms of direct object:

a) In indirect speech, with the link:

• I told Luis to come today

b) In direct speech without nexus:

• She said to Luis: "I will go today"

c) Indirect interrogative links:

• I asked his name
• I do not know who he is
• Tell me when to come back
• Tell me if

Key Historical Events: US and French Revolutions

United States

The US Constitution

The Constitution is the set of fundamental laws of a nation. The US Constitution, based on the ideas of Rousseau and Montesquieu, developed the first declaration of human rights. The new country was a presidential and federal republic.

The Boston Tea Party

In 1773, in Boston, a cargo of tea was thrown into the sea. It was an act of protest by American colonists against Britain, and that event sparked the War of Independence of the United States.

George Washington

Military General George Washington was the first US President and Commander of the Continental Army of the revolutionary forces in the War of Independence of the United States. Washington began to win trophies,...

The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

The Liberal Triennium was a period of three years in Spanish history, from 1820 to 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising by Lieutenant Colonel Rafael del Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII.

Key Figures and Events

• Rafael del Riego: Lieutenant Colonel stationed at the head of St. John with an army that was to be shipped to quell the revolt of the American colonies. He proclaimed the Constitution of Cadiz and reinstated constitutional municipal authorities. He became the main instigator of the ruling Liberal Triennium. Riego visited several Andalusian towns without much support, but despite this, he joined the ruling cities.
• Conde de la Bisbal: The Earl who led the charge

The Glorious Revolution of 1868

Origins and Alliances

A coalition of progressive forces, disgruntled Democrats, and unionists signed the Pact of Ostende in 1866. The pronouncements of Admiral Topete on September 19th, 1868, led to a revolutionary movement known as La Gloriosa.

This revolution was the result of an alliance between progressives and unionists, gaining approval from prestigious military figures. A true revolutionary ideology was at play, with the Democratic party contributing significantly. Its aim was to block and end the parliamentary system, which was seen as ineffective against the poor economic situation. However, it was a distorted revolution because the Democrats were later excluded and persecuted.

The Uprising and Its Aftermath

The...

The Crisis of the Old Regime and Carlos IV (1788–1808)

Carlos IV (1788–1808), son of Carlos III, attempted to continue his father's reformist policies, but his reign marked the beginning of the crisis of the Old Regime in Spain. The effective government between 1792 and 1808 was exercised by the *valido* (favorite), Manuel Godoy. Godoy's extraordinary power severely damaged the image of the rulers.

Impact of the French Revolution

The influence of the French Revolution was profound in Spain, leading to a division among the Spanish Enlightenment thinkers:

• Those who opposed the news from France and joined the defenders of the Old Regime.
• Those who were radicalized by the events in France and saw it as an example to end the Old Regime.

Naval Conflict

Did you enjoy my steak?

My Affection for You

I love you. I truly cherish you.

Overwhelming Love

Tequiero muahahah

August 9, 2018

BETIKO

Charles V and the Idea of Empire

A Difficult Inheritance

Charles V inherited the title of Holy Roman Emperor under challenging circumstances. The Protestant Reformation had just begun, creating religious and political turmoil across Europe. Influenced by his advisors, Charles V believed that the Spanish Empire had a crucial historical mission: to maintain a universal Christian monarchy.

Challenges to Imperial Unity

However, this idea was contested by those within the Empire who prioritized the interests of individual states over a unified Christian realm. Defending the Empire's unity led Charles V into numerous wars.

Charles V's Priorities

Although Charles V ruled the Spanish kingdoms, he prioritized his role as Holy Roman Emperor, making him the...

The Ominous Decade (1823-1833)

The Alliance was paying attention to the requests of Ferdinand VII, who commissioned France to intervene in Spain. In April 1823, 100,000 soldiers (the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis) stormed into Spain, and Ferdinand VII was restored as absolute monarch. The economic problem was another concern due to the definitive loss of the American colonies.

The Dynastic Conflict

In 1830, the birth of a king's daughter, Elizabeth, seemed to ensure Bourbon continuity. The Salic Law prevented women from accessing the throne, but Fernando VII, influenced by Maria Cristina, promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction (abolishing the Salic Law) to give way to the throne to his daughter and heiress. The most ultraconservative sector of...