Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The Crisis of 1917 in Spain: A Turning Point

In 1917, a serious crisis emerged in Spain, exposing the inherent weaknesses of the Canovista system. This period was marked by significant internal and external pressures.

Causes of the Crisis

• Internal Division and Policy Vacuum: The dynastic parties suffered from deep internal divisions and a notable lack of relevant policies to address the nation's growing challenges.
• Economic Impact of World War I: Although Spain was neutral, the First World War provoked a sharp global price rise for essential products. This led to a significant decrease in the purchasing power of the working class, fueling widespread discontent.
• Influence of the Russian Revolution: The success of the Russian Revolution in 1917 awakened

Catalan Nationalism and the Basque Nationalist Defense

As a Catalan nationalist defense of the charters, an atmosphere was created, but other characteristics of the modern middle class were not found. Provincial legislation to repeal the historical and philosophical impact of two answers: the use of a particular situation and giving up some of the concert in Madrid, while other economic traditionalism into the charters, maintaining a full recovery was made in favor of.

These were lost in the Carlist War, and the charters for them to leave the entire defense of *euskaltasunaren* cord. Sabino Arana was the driving force behind the nineties *Euskara Abertsaletasunaren hamrkdan*. Social ideas were tied together and were clear. The old motto was God...

Ferdinand VII's Reign: Absolutism and Liberalism in Spain

The Absolutist Sexennium (1814-1820)

In 1814, Ferdinand VII returned to Spain and, with the support of the army, nobility, and clergy, as outlined in the Manifesto of the Persians, staged a coup on May 4th. This marked a return to absolutism, part of the broader European restoration of the Old Regime. This period, known as the Absolutist Sexennium, was characterized by continuous political instability. The economic situation was disastrous, with falling prices worsening the plight of the peasantry and triggering successive protest movements. Discontent spread to the cities and the army, as state expenditures exceeded revenues, leading to state bankruptcy. Meanwhile, liberals began to reorganize...

Economic Growth and Social Transformation (1957-1960s)

The technocrats prevailed, and members of Opus Dei assumed significant posts in Franco's 1957 cabinet. Measures proposed by these technocrats were incorporated into the Stabilization Plan of 1959, which aimed to:

• Curb inflation.
• Reduce government economic controls.
• Bring Spanish economic policies and procedures in line with European standards.

The plan laid the basis for Spain's remarkable economic transformation in the 1960s. During that decade, Spain's industrial production and standard of living increased dramatically. The effects were profound. Foreign investment entered the country, attracted by low production costs and the absence of trade union freedom. The stabilizing measures established...

Victoriano Huerta and the Mexican Revolution

Victoriano Huerta (born December 23, 1854, Colotlán, Mexico—died January 13, 1916, El Paso, Texas, U.S.) was the dictatorial president of Mexico from February 18, 1913, to July 15, 1914. His repressive regime inadvertently united disparate revolutionary forces in common opposition to him.

Rise to Power and the Coup

Born of Indian parents, Huerta trained at the Chapultepec Military College and eventually rose to the rank of general in the army during the rule of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. Though an admirer of Díaz, Huerta served his successor, the liberal president Francisco Madero, as chief of staff of the army.

When part of the army in Mexico City rebelled against Madero in February 1913, Huerta...

Eusko Ikaskuntza's Project

Elaborated before the redaction of the constitution, it was unconstitutional.

·Alava, Navarre, Biscay and Guipuzcoa formed a state inside Spain

·Autonomous competences wide

·Internal structure was co-federal: autonomy of each territory wide and each territory had the same number of representatives in parliaments and government.

·Bilingualism in education and administration

·Economic concerts as financier system

·Sons/daughters of Basques needed 1 year of residence to have political rights (Spaniards 2)

·Assembly with representative of Spain and BC to decide if there was a dispute

Other projects:

·Carlists + PNV: re-modelled the project for interest of church

·Socialists: number of votes proportional to the inhabitants...

Realism and the First World War

Realism, a prominent theory in international relations, posits that states primarily pursue their own interests in maximizing power and ensuring security within an anarchic international system. Realists believe states act as unitary actors, striving to amass the greatest possible power for their national interest.

Core Tenets of Realism in International Relations

Realism, whose four essential assumptions are rooted in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (Mingst & Arreguin-Toft, 2011), asserts that states are:

• Power-hungry: Willing to go to any limit to attain power.
• Security-focused: Interested in their own security, often achieved by building alliances with other states.
• Unitary actors: Once a decision

Six Notable Figures: A Glimpse into Their Lives

This document highlights the lives and achievements of six renowned individuals.

Michelle Pfeiffer: Acclaimed Actress and Singer

Michelle Pfeiffer is an American actress and singer. She made her film debut in 1980 in The Hollywood Knights. She has been nominated three times for an Academy Award for her performances. During her career, Pfeiffer has won numerous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress.

Nelson Mandela: Anti-Apartheid Leader and President

Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He died at the age of 95 on 5 December 2013. He was imprisoned for being against...

That should already be sufficient to ensure order and to prevent possible riots (popular or Carlist), recalling that "the insurgency is no longer a right from the time when universal suffrage without appeal to the barbaric use of weapons."

The text continues with the first plans of the Republic: universal suffrage, stressing the elimination of the illegalities that were committed previously to falsify the elections as "coercion, deception, violence, and fraud" (done many times before with the help of their own governors).

Conclusion

The text is entirely subjective, as it tries to spread Republican ideals and show in what respects it improves over other ideologies that have failed before. We know its authenticity not only because it was written...