Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Key Terms of 19th Century Spain

**Pragmatic Sanction**

A rule or statutory provision enacted by the king to affect fundamental aspects of the state, such as the succession to the throne. In this case, *Felipe VII* took place in 1830 to eliminate this law because it failed *Salic* sons.

**Regency**

A transitional period during which a person exercises power on behalf of the monarch, either too young or old, due to absence or incapacity.

**Ominous Decade**

The period of the last phase of the reign of *Fernando VII* and the restoration of absolutism after the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) ruled that the Constitution of Cadiz, 1812. This period is called shameful and began in 1823 with the invasion of the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis, ending in...

The Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania (c. 409–711)

Establishment and Early History

409: Various barbarian peoples entered Spain. To manage this, Rome permitted the Visigoths, already settled in southern Gaul (Kingdom of Toulouse), to control lands in Hispania.

416–476: The Visigoths effectively ended the presence of Alans and Vandals in the peninsula and suppressed internal revolts.

476: With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths achieved full independence.

507: After losing the Battle of Vouillé against the Franks, the Visigoths retreated from Gaul and fully settled in Hispania, establishing an independent kingdom with its capital in Toledo.

Kingdom Consolidation

The Visigothic monarchy aimed to establish its kingdom based on territorial,

The End of War

The stability of the system was favored by the Cuban and Carlist wars. The Bourbon Restoration deprived the Carlist cause a great deal, and some people ended up recognizing Alfonso XII. Besides, the government's efforts during military government in 1875 made possible the reduction of core Carlists in Catalonia. The intervention of the army, commanded by Martinez Campos, finally forced the surrender of Carlists in Catalonia, Aragon, and Valencia. Nevertheless, the conflict lasted over the Basque Country and Navarre, where most of the military government moved, which managed to weaken the resistance until the Basque and Navarre total surrender in 1876. In February 1876, Prince Charles crossed the French border in the direction...

The Spanish Restoration: Monarchy Reinstated (1875-1902)

The Fall of the First Republic and the Rise of Alfonso XII

In 1873, following the fall of the Elizabethan regime caused by the "Glorious Revolution" of September 1868 and the abdication of Amadeus of Savoy in February 1873, the First Spanish Republic was introduced. This republic, initially unitary, aimed to convene the Constituent Assembly to promulgate a new constitution but failed to do so. In January 1874, General Pavia and General Serrano staged a coup, effectively ending the Republic.

This event, followed by the pronouncement in December 1874 by General Martinez Campos, supported by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, paved the way for the restoration of the traditional monarchy in favor...

The Crisis of 1808, the War of Independence, and the Dawn of the Liberal Revolution

Under Carlos IV, ministerial despotism took hold in Spain, with the prime minister wielding true power. The French Revolution sent shockwaves of concern throughout Europe, particularly in Spain due to its proximity to France and the familial ties between their monarchs. Spanish foreign policy, traditionally aligned with France through the Family Pacts since the War of Succession, was forced to reassess its stance. Initially, Prime Minister Floridablanca, appointed by Carlos IV, maintained a policy of watchful neutrality towards France and suppressed revolutionary propaganda. However, under the influence of Queen Maria Luisa of Parma, Manuel Godoy ascended to...

The Constitution of the Government, 1837

During Mendizábal's time, there was tension between the Moderates and Progressives. The Moderates wanted to maintain the Royal Statute but desired a constitution. The Regent, sympathizing with the Moderates, dismissed Mendizábal in May 1836, giving the government to a Moderate. A month later, the Regent dissolved the Estate of Solicitors, which led to protests from urban Progressives. Finally, in August 1836, the sergeants of the Royal Palace, where the Regent was staying, mutinied and obliged her to give the government to José María Calatrava and to swear in the Progressive Constitution of 1812. The Progressive government of Calatrava called a Constituent Assembly, which would draw up and approve...

Causes of the 1898 Crisis

In 1868, Cuba initiated autonomy movements. A popular rebellion, led by Manuel Céspedes ("Grito de Yara"), marked the beginning of the struggle for the abolition of slavery in plantations and sugar mills, alongside a political insurrection. The Cuban autonomy movement was significantly influenced by the example and encouragement of North America, where slavery had been abolished after the Civil War.

The Ten Years' War lasted until 1878 and concluded with the Peace of Zanjón. Through this agreement, General Arsenio Martínez Campos undertook to grant Cuba forms of self-government. Subsequently, the Cuban Liberal Party emerged, representing sugar landowners who largely opposed any kind of reform.

By 1895, insurgencies...

Unifications of Italy and Germany

The territory occupied by present-day Italy was divided into six independent states. Austria had annexed the two northern regions (Piedmont and Lombardy), which were the richest. Thus, unification seemed difficult. However, in 1859, Cavour, the leader of the Piedmontese government, started a war with Austria and achieved the annexation of Lombardy. Meanwhile, Garibaldi led several popular uprisings aimed at the unification of the territories of the peninsula. In 1861, the first Italian parliament appointed King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Only Veneto remained in Austrian hands, but it was abandoned in 1866. The unification was completed in 1870 after the Papal States were annexed, and Rome was named the capital...

Political Developments in Castile (14th–15th Centuries)

After the death of Alfonso X in 1284, Castile faced a severe succession crisis involving the heirs of his eldest son, Fernando de la Cerda, and his successor, Sancho IV. The crown initially weakened against the powerful nobility.

However, royal authority found support in the Brotherhoods (armed protective forces organized by Castilian towns).

Reestablishment of Royal Authority

• Alfonso XI (1312–1350): Reestablished strong royal authority, notably through the implementation of a new judicial system, the Ordinances of Alcalá (1348).

The Civil War and the Rise of Trastámara

Pedro I the Cruel (1350–1369) faced significant challenges:

• Conflict with the Kingdom of Aragon (the War of the Two

Spain's Moderate Era: Church, State, and Reform

The moderate government sought to improve relations with the Church. It signed a concordat with the Holy See, which provided for the suspension of the sale of disentailed church property and the return of vendidos. The Holy See recognized Elizabeth II and accepted the disentailment, while the state committed to supporting the Spanish Church, regular orders, and the recognition of Catholicism as the official religion of the country.

Consolidating the Liberal State

Moderantismo aimed to consolidate the structure of the new liberal state under the principles of centralism, hierarchy, and uniformity. Additionally, the government approved the Criminal Code, drafted the Civil Code, reformed public administration,...