Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

t10. 2. Fascist Italy: Fascism emerged in Italy after the First World War, next to the most outstanding German Nazi ideology in the unparliamentary interwar period. The period of fascist ideology had more well-defined characteristics, "advocated the establishment of a totalitarian state controlling all spheres of life. - Supporting a dictatorial political system of a single party also established the cult of personality of the leader. Radical anti-socialism and anti-capitalism. - Aggressive nationalism, expansionist, militarist, which demanded a new position for their nation in the world. "The racists and fascists considered all non-whites inferior. Clairvoyance-defended against political opponents. - Also assaulted male principles. Fascism...

Central Figures in the Romance of Tirant lo Blanch

Tirant: The Knight and Strategist

Tirant is a brave knight, strong, skilled with weapons, a military strategist, possessing great spirit and undeniable talent for command, besides being a polite and courtly gentleman. But what seduces the reader most is his humanity.

Tirant presents a psychologically rich and captivating character, making us feel close to the richness and variety of his behaviors, consistent with the diverse situations that occur in the novel. His plausibility stems from the fact that all his actions remain within the limits and potential of human behavior.

Carmesina: The Idealized Princess

Carmesina was a very beautiful lady with an angelic face. Her physical description is highly...

19th Century European Powers

Germany

• Economy: A nation with great demographic, economic, educational, and scientific potential. After unification, Germany was poised to become the most potent industrial power in Europe and second in the world. However, it lagged commercially and financially behind England and France.
• Politics: Adopted a liberal system weakened by authoritarian elements, including the Kaiser and a strong parliamentary government. The parliament was weakened by its subordination to the executive branch. Germany was a strong state led by the Emperor, with a bicameral parliament and a federal territorial organization. It had a two-party system, but with the supremacy of conservatives who could barely tolerate progressives. The German

From this moment, the myth of the liberal revolution is replaced by that of national regeneration.

The main consequence of this period is the regeneration produced by the defeat of the Spanish squadron, almost without a fight. American superiority and the speed with which the rest of the empire fell gave an impression in Spain, across all social sectors. In many grassroots groups, there is the feeling of having been betrayed and deceived. The Crisis of '98, rather than a political or economic crisis, was a moral and ideological one, so deep and wide that it rocked the system. From here, nationalism began to expand, the labor movement became radical, Republicanism began, a revival of militarism started, and criticism of the Cánovas system became...

Ferdinand VII's Reign: The Bourbon Restoration (1814-1833)

The Absolutist Restoration Begins (1814)

In 1814, Ferdinand returned to Spain, known popularly as El Deseado (The Desired). A group of deputies from the Cortes of Cádiz, holding absolutist ideology, presented the King with a document requesting the restoration of the absolute monarchy and the repeal of the 1812 Constitution. This pivotal document is historically known as the Manifesto of the Persians.

Repeal of the Constitution and the Absolutist Sexennium (1814-1820)

On May 4, 1814, Ferdinand ordered the repeal of the Constitution. This was the first major reaction against the emerging liberal revolution. The King annulled the legislative work of the courts and promoted a harsh repression...

Dissolution of Privileged Classes

The privileged classes ceased to exist with the liberal state in the 19th century. Legal equality ended privileges granted by birth and titles. All social groups paid taxes, were tried by the same laws and courts, and enjoyed the same political rights (women did not have political rights until the 20th century). Censitary liberalism limited the right to suffrage and political participation. Social differences were defined by wealth, and citizens were defined by their membership in a social class (determined by economic level). Suppression laws that favored the nobility were annulled, including rights such as not paying taxes and serving as judges in manorial lawsuits. The clergy was affected by the process of...

Ferdinand VII: Restoration of Absolutism (1814-1820)

Following French defeats, Napoleon abandoned the war in Spain, restoring Ferdinand VII to the throne via the Treaty of Valençay. This treaty stipulated British forces leave Spain and that Ferdinand VII refrain from reprisals against Joseph I's supporters. However, Ferdinand ignored this, persecuting Joseph's collaborators and liberals. "The Desired" returned to a triumphant Spain, where General Elio offered support to restore absolute power. One hundred deputies, known as the "Serviles," presented the "Manifesto of the Persians," urging the king to reclaim his authority and annul liberal legislation from the Cortes of Cádiz.

With this backing, Ferdinand VII declared the Cortes' actions...

La Gran Colombia

Before the birth of Venezuela as a republic, it's important to understand that it previously belonged to the Republic of Gran Colombia. There was a president and vice president for Gran Colombia. The territory was divided into the departments of Cundinamarca, Venezuela, and Quito. The capital was Bogotá. The president was Simón Bolívar, the Vice President was Francisco de Paula Santander, and José Antonio Páez was the head of the military department of Venezuela.

La Cosiata

La Cosiata was a departmental opposition that emerged in 1821. Simón Bolívar and José Antonio Páez initiated it with the specific purpose of separating Venezuela from Gran Colombia.

Bolívar's Attempts at Settlement: 1826-1827

Signs of an impending civil...

Neoclassicism: A Second Wave of Greco-Roman Influence

Neoclassicism represents the second wave of Greco-Roman revival in art. This movement emerged in central Italy during the early 18th century, partly fueled by archaeological discoveries in Pompeii and a rejection of the late Baroque style.

The Goal of Neoclassicism

The ultimate aim of Neoclassicism was to create a perfect society by instilling classical values of reason and morality through art. It sought to showcase the splendor of a civilized society grounded in civic virtues.

Two Phases of Development

The movement unfolded in two phases. The first, centered in Rome around 1755, is represented by figures like Winckelmann (imitation of the ancients) and Mengs (art over nature).

The second phase,...

Demographic Impact and Exile

The Spanish Civil War left a devastating demographic toll. Reliable data indicates approximately 300,000 fatalities directly from fighting and repression. An additional 170,000 deaths are attributed to indirect causes in the rear, such as hunger, disease, and bombings, directly related to the conflict. This increased mortality was compounded by a significant decrease in the birthrate.

Repression by both sides against perceived enemies also contributed to a large number of victims. The post-war repression alone caused an estimated 40,000 casualties.

A massive exodus of refugees occurred, particularly towards the French border from Catalonia, involving approximately 500,000 people. While many eventually returned, others...