Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for University

Glass is a material used for many years. It is the first inorganic substance, amorphous and isotropic (its molecular structure is totally disorganized). When cooled from its fluid state at high temperature, it solidifies without crystallizing and forms a rigid, viscous substance. It is transparent or translucent, hard, brittle and impermeable, with high chemical resistance, except against hydrofluoric acid.

Glass properties

Physical properties

• Density: common glass usually has a density of 2.5 kg/dm³; leaded glass has a density of 4.5 kg/dm³.

Thermal properties

• Thermal dilation: glass dilates very little, superior to wood.
• Thermal conductivity: the flow of heat through glass is very low, about 1 kcal/h·m·°C. For glass with a thickness of 1 m,

Marine Microbiology and Bacterial Ecology Study Questions

This document compiles a comprehensive set of study questions and theoretical concepts focusing on marine microbiology, bacterial ecology, analytical methodologies, and microbial physiology in aquatic environments.

Bacterioplankton and Marine Biomass

• Classify marine bacteria according to their size and plankton distribution.
• Cita 3 advantages of the Bottle use for water samples at deep levels.
• What is the composition of synthetic sea water?
• Why is fluorescence microscopy used?
• Cite 3 environmental conditions determining biomes and 3 factors affecting marine bacterial activity.
• What is marine snow?
• Illustrate through drawings the photochemical apparatus of cyanobacteria and photosynthetic pigments.

Salmonella

• Familia: Enterobacteriaceae. Bacilos Gram negativos móviles, aerobios y anaerobios facultativos que crecen fácilmente en medios de cultivo habituales.
• Especies: S. enterica y S. bongori.
• Reservorio: tubo digestivo de animales (aves, cerdos, bovinos, animales de compañía) y humanos.
• Fuente de infección: los alimentos de origen animal procedentes de animales enfermos o contaminados durante el sacrificio. Los huevos y la leche cruda también pueden contaminarse. La transmisión fecal-oral es importante, y también puede darse de persona a persona.
• Supervivencia en alimentos: el tiempo varía según la temperatura y la humedad. Pueden sobrevivir en alimentos desecados. Se inactivan a 60 °C durante 20 minutos. Resisten la congelación

The environment is the set of internal and external physical, social, and biological processes that determine the way of being and living of all organisms.

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Environmental Factors

The environment consists of both living and non-living elements. Living things are classified as biotic factors, while non-living elements are abiotic factors.

Biotic Factors

Biotic factors are defined by the relationships between living organisms and their interactions. These include representative power dynamics among different species. In summary, biotic factors represent the living components of an ecosystem.

Abiotic Factors

Abiotic factors include nutrients, solar energy, and chemical or environmental conditions...

Impression Materials

Impression materials are biomaterials that are used for faithful and accurate reproduction of negative hard and soft structures of the oral cavity.

Classification

Classification: rigid and elastic.

Rigid Materials

Rigid: paste and zinc oxide (without eugenol) biomaterials are those that, when subjected to pressure, are permanently deformed and after removal do not recover their original shape. They are used in non-retentive areas of the oral cavity.

Elastic Materials

Elastic: hydrocolloids (reversible and irreversible) and elastomers (mercaptan, silicone, vinyl, polyesters) are materials that deform elastically under pressure and, after removal of pressure, are able to regain their original form. They are used in retentive/undercut...

Topographic Maps: Representation of Earth's Surface

A topographic map represents relief through symbols. These maps are created by cartographers and topographers. They provide a three-dimensional scale representation of the Earth's surface relief, or any portion of it, on a two-dimensional plane.

Geological Events: Understanding Earth's Processes

A geological event refers to an elemental geological unit or occurrence. It is a geological phenomenon that occurs or has occurred, not necessarily determined by specific time-space and energy parameters, but rather as a consequence of a particular environmental change (e.g., an outcrop).

The Wilson Cycle: Oceanic Crust Evolution

The Wilson Cycle describes the evolution of oceanic crust. If a single oceanic...

Mechanical Dredges

• Bucket Dredge (Stationary): It is a stationary type dredger that does not propel itself, performing operations to fill an auxiliary hopper.
• Articulated Bucket Dredger: Consists of a pontoon housing a jib crane on its deck. A wiring system supports the bucket shell at its extreme, which consists of articulated jaws.
• Rigid Spoon Dredger: It has a front bulldozer blade installed on a spud pontoon. The entire assembly is mounted on a rotating raceway attached to the pontoon.
• Dragline Dredger: Consists of a float (pontoon) housing a tower operated by a cable system with corresponding drum gear, driven by mechanical or hydraulic motors, and equipped with the necessary work accessory at the tip.
• Backhoe Dredger: Consists of a pontoon

Patrimonio y Bienes

El patrimonio es el conjunto de bienes, derechos, cargas y obligaciones que tiene valor económico en la persona. Posee universalidad jurídica, pues constituye una unidad legal.

Contenido del patrimonio:

• Activo: conjunto de bienes y derechos que la persona posee y que tienen valor económico. Constituye la garantía común de los acreedores.
• Pasivo: conjunto de obligaciones. El predominio del activo permite al sujeto cumplir sus compromisos.
• Patrimonio neto (capital): resultado de restar el pasivo al activo.

Solvencia: situación en la que el predominio del activo permite al titular cumplir sus compromisos.

Insolvencia: situación en la que predomina el pasivo sobre el activo, lo que impide cumplir las obligaciones.

Clasificación

Environmental Impacts: Air pollution: accumulation of gases. Acid Rain: Emission of gases from the combustion of carbon in plants termicas.La combination of gases with water vapor can form surfurico and nitric acid, which causes the water is acid rain. Greenhouse effect: The emission of carbon dioxide, provocadapor the combustion of fossil fuels. desertification: the conversion of forest to intensive agricultural areas, widespread use of fertilizers. The erosion and depletion of acuiferosl. Perdida biodiversity: ecosystem degradation by the environmental changes that produce the poison control balance. Climate Change: Effect imvernadero, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain and atmospheric cntaminacion.Environmental risks: if the phenomena...

Gene Expression and the Control of Protein Synthesis

Take care genetic: the DNA must contain all the information on the role of the infrastructure and organization of the cell, the nature of the stable phenotype, form of the cell and organism, and the determination of protein synthesis. Therefore, genetic information must determine the presence and quantity of effective proteins in the cell.

• Replication: the DNA must be very precise so that the progeny have the same genetic information. The parent cell copies itself with fidelity, so each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the first.
• Variation: without the ability to vary, bodies would not change and thus could not evolve.

DNA Transcription

Through the process of transcription, that information...