Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for University

In the 19th century, new technologies were applied to new factories. Because of this, companies needed new strategies. Three important institutions in the United States helped companies compete in:

1. The mercantile, commodity, securities, press and very important telegraph and financial institution transactions, which drove the revolution of distribution.
2. Increasing profit margins, because costs were reduced.

Distribution Changes After 1870

Before 1870, the industry sold through a wholesaler and retailer to the final client. In 1870, the industry, competing with other companies, distinguished its marketing of products. The client listing showed what the retailer and the wholesaler were. In the 1920s, wholesalers disappeared, and companies sold directly...

Spain's Telecommunications, Tourism and Commerce

Spain's telecommunications sector is very competitive. Transport infrastructure and freight traffic are key to the economy, and there are significant territorial imbalances between urban, economic and tourist areas, which makes the strategic infrastructure plan important: it should boost the economic functions of airports and liberalize rates and services.

1. Telecommunications

Communication and the development of telecommunications are essential for the economy, since instantaneous exchange of information allows the social and economic aspects of globalization to flourish. The Spanish telecommunications sector, and particularly the telephone sector, has experienced very important growth. The spatial...

Item 16: Parasites

Parasitism is an interaction in which the consumer-type organism, the parasite, feeds on a resource of another species, the host, which is harmed while the parasite benefits. Parasite-host associations are intimate, and the host serves as habitat and food for the parasite, which is usually the larger partner.

Parasitism differs from predation: parasites usually do not kill their host immediately, and they are typically smaller than their host. A predator, by contrast, causes immediate death of its prey.

Types of Parasites

By size:

• Microparasites: micro-sized, very numerous within the host, intracellular, and generally without specialized transmission mechanisms from one host to another.
• Macroparasites: larger, less numerous, and

A programming paradigm is a fundamental style or approach to programming, based on a set of principles, concepts and techniques that organize how a program is designed and written. Each paradigm offers a particular philosophy for building software and solving problems.

Imperative Programming

The imperative paradigm is one of the oldest and most widespread. It describes computation as a sequence of statements that change the program state. Imperative programs tell the computer how to reach a result, step by step, using variables stored in memory that are updated over time. Examples of imperative languages include C, Pascal, COBOL and Fortran.

Imperative programs execute their instructions sequentially, following a predefined order. They can be...

Fermentation and Preservation Processes

Sparcion: syc, t, sd; cntr (platiyos,) acc, LO2), fil, prns, ex, d.

Fermentation

Fermentation types:

• Lactic fermentation (sa / etro) alco
• Alcoholic fermentation (monosc-ethanol + CO2)
• Malolactic fermentation (malic acid - lactic acid + CO2)
• Propionic acid fermentation (Activa lactic-propionic + CO2)
• Activa (ethanol-acetic)
• Citrus (diacetyl + acetic acid - acetone)
• Butyric acid fermentation (Clostridium)

Thermal Death Time of Bacteria

D-value (time to destroy 90% of the population) = t / (log N0 - log Nf)

z-value: the temperature change needed to alter the D-value by one tenth = (T2 - T1) / (log D1 - log D2)

F-value: the time at a given temperature needed to reduce the population to a specified level = D × (log N0...

Rivers and River Basins

Rivers (Ríos): Rivers originate directly from precipitation falling from clouds or from deposits formed by precipitation. Rivers can begin as springs where underground water comes to the surface or at places where glaciers melt. A river with its tributaries drains an area called a river basin. The river where it empties is called an emissary. If there is no emissary, then both the lake and its basin are recognized as endorheic.

Lakes and Types of Lakes

Lakes: Lakes are landforms that depend on the region in which they appear and often support important flora and fauna. Lakes can be connected by a river system that provides water. If they occupy large tracts of land, they are defined as inland lakes. Lakes can be fed by...

Etrofagia: Mecanismo de Digestión Celular

La etrofagia consiste en la degradación de productos introducidos en la célula, ya sea por fagocitosis o por endocitosis. La fagocitosis permite incorporar grandes vacuolas con cargas introducidas en la célula (macrófagos, leucocitos), como microorganismos o restos celulares, cuerpos extraños, etc.

La membrana plasmática, al ser estimulada, da lugar a la fagocitosis mediante la participación de diversas proteínas (MARCKS, PKC, miosina I) y con la colaboración de la actina y la miosina II posteriormente, que conducen dicho interior del fagosoma hacia la célula.

El fagosoma se fusiona con los lisosomas primarios o con los lisosomas secundarios preexistentes (ya que un lisosoma secundario ya participó...

Construction Materials: Agglomerants, Stones and Metals

Agglomerant materials are stones, artificial or natural, that have the property of adhering to other materials. Mortars, pastes and concretes are made from these materials. They are molded to shape and finally hardened.

Classification of Agglomerant Materials

Aerial: They harden in air and are not resistant to water (gypsum, metal body, lime).

Hydraulic: They harden in both air and water. Hydrocarbons: lime, cements, Portland cement, hydraulic lime.

Hydrocarbons: These are hydrocarbons like oil or viscous materials that harden by evaporation or cooling (cements, asphalt).

Gypsum Types

Dihydrate gypsum or CaSO4·2H2O (the most abundant).

Hemihydrate gypsum (2CaSO4·H2O).

Anhydrite: CaSO4 (less abundant)...

Tower Crane

The tower crane lifts and moves horizontal and vertical loads, assembles structural elements, and performs heavy lifting work. Its main parts are the base, which may sit on rails or embedded footings, the tower or mast, the jib (horizontal arm), the crown with rotation mechanism, the counter-jib and the ballast.

Key characteristics include the maximum and minimum height, the maximum reach, the crane power, and the useful load, which varies with the reach. The maximum load applies at the minimum reach. Loading tip: always check the load chart before lifting.

Automontable Crane

Self-erecting cranes are characterized by a fast assembly speed and good load capacity for short reaches. They have a small turning radius and occupy little ground...

Concepto de secreción

La secreción es la síntesis y liberación, por parte de las células, de sustancias específicas que, posteriormente, se emiten al medio extracelular o intracelular para ejercer sus acciones en el cuerpo. Las glándulas son órganos formados por epitelios glandulares, es decir, conjuntos de células epiteliales que sintetizan y liberan sustancias como hormonas, enzimas o mucus. Existen también células de naturaleza no epitelial que no sintetizan secreciones, como los fibroblastos del tejido conectivo, que producen la matriz extracelular. Otras células elaboran materiales para su propio uso.

Algunas glándulas secretoras de organismos complejos, como las gónadas, el timo y la médula ósea, están formadas por células...