Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

Vocabulary: Clothing and Food

• Clothing: Blouse (blusa), bracelet (braçalet), cap (gorra), necklace (collaret), high heels (talons alts), mini skirt (minifaldilla), ring (anell), hood (caputxa), flip-flops (xancletes), jeans (pantalons), dress (vestit), earrings (arracades), boots (botes), jewellery (joieria), hats (barrets), clothing (roba).
• Food and Adjectives: Muesli (cereals muesli), yoghurt (iogurt), beef (carn de bou), crisps (patates fregides), biscuits (galetes), lemon juice (suc de llimona), vitamins (vitamines), cooked (cuit), casual (casual), fashionable (de moda), old-fashioned (passat de moda), frozen (congelat), oily (oliós), raw (cru), salty (salat), trendy (de moda), sensible (sensat), sour (agre), spicy (picant), sweet (dolç)

The Natural Approach

This method is based on the ideas and contributions of Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen.

Approach

Krashen and Terrell view communication as the primary function of language. The theory and research of learning are grounded on Krashen’s five core hypotheses:

• Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis
• Monitor Hypothesis
• Natural Order Hypothesis
• Input Hypothesis
• Affective Filter Hypothesis

Design

Regarding types of learning and teaching activities, there is a gradual progression.

Procedure

In all activities, the instructor maintains a constant flow of “comprehensible input,” using key vocabulary, appropriate gestures, context, repetition, and paraphrase to ensure the input is understood.

Suggestopedia

Suggestopedia is a specific set of learning...

Modal Clauses

Modal clauses (menderakuntza modalak) are subordinate clauses that explain how an action in the main sentence is performed.

Modal Conjunctions

• -(e)n bezala: Used to replace adverbial phrases; answers the question "How?".
• -(e)n bezala / -(e)n bezalakoa: Equivalent to "as" or "like".
• -(e)n bezalakoa: Indicates similarity.

In these structures, the auxiliary verb is often removed, and the main verb is associated with the participle. The verb can sometimes be deleted entirely to create a summary form.

Purpose Clauses

Purpose clauses (helburuzko perpausak) indicate the objective, intention, or purpose of the main action, answering the question "For what purpose?".

Purpose Conjunctions

These are typically used with non-finite verb forms (jokatugabeak)...

Text Linguistics and Communication

Defining Text Linguistics

Text Linguistics is the discipline that studies the text as a unit of communication.

Understanding the Text Unit

The Text refers to the unity of all oral or written communication intentionally issued by a speaker, with a particular communicative purpose and functioning as a complete unit of communication.

Essential Properties of Text

Consistency in Text

Consistency refers to the logical relationship between all parts of the text. We perceive it as a unit of meaning that:

• Presents a logical progression of ideas.
• Ensures the theme is always the same.
• Contains enough information, with facts related to the real world.

Cohesion: Unifying Text Units

Cohesion is the union or articulation of the units...

Humanistic Texts

• Introduction: Humanistic matter relating to the social activity of man.
• Linguistic characterization

Subject and Structure

Subject: The core theme of the text.

Structure: Inductive or deductive.

Humanistic Discipline Characteristics

Objectivity: Allusion to personal perspectives. Morphosyntactic level: 3rd person singular, indicative mode, and restrictive grammatical structures such as relative clauses, sentences without an identifying agent, and denotative lexis.

Tendency to abstraction: Gnomic or timeless present; articles with generalizing value.

Accuracy and Clarity

Morphosyntactic Level: Relative clauses, clauses with commas and parentheses, lists of examples, restated terminology, and the presence of periphrasis of obligation.

Semantic...

Program Description

This training enables students to provide efficient and economical solutions to the needs of companies and institutions regarding the rational use of information and computer technology. Through this study, students acquire solid knowledge in:

• Software Engineering
• Computer Systems
• Computer Science
• Information Management

Beyond scientific knowledge, the program provides the skills to plan, design, evaluate, construct, maintain, operate, organize, and manage computer systems for a wide variety of enterprises and institutions at both national and regional levels.

History of the Department

The department originated in December 1964 with the approval of the Computer Center at the University of Concepción.

In 1967, the Computer Center...

This type of project continues to follow the traditional mode of social researchers' work. The project's openness is low. Roles between researcher and observed are not exchanged. The researcher remains the synthesizer and the observed are passive actors in this task.

Project in Participatory Action Research (IAP)

In practice, the heterogeneity of goals and approaches in open investigation results in conceptual differences between projects (projects in institutional environments: enterprises, schools, etc., or projects with socially transformative movements, NGOs, etc.).

Phases

1. Self-diagnostics.
2. Negotiated programming.
3. Formulation of proposals and outreach to other levels.
4. Development of proposals.
5. Assessment.

Self-Diagnosis

The self-diagnosis identifies

The Relationship Between Project Design and Research Methodology

The relationship between action or intervention projects, project design, and research methodology can be considered a relationship of inclusion or levels. A proposed intervention may include a research project, or conversely, a research project may be integrated into a broader intervention project. This involves investigating social reality and acting upon it. Methodological design is only one part of a research project, though it can become the most crucial. It is important to emphasize that a research project is a message. Its manifest form is a document, initially presented to an institution that may support the project's development. Therefore, its rhetorical and pragmatic...

Projects and Reports

A project is an expository text in which an action is performed. It includes proposal drafts for the organization of events, activities, and the resolution of detected problems or needs.

A report is an expository text detailing events and presenting the results of an investigation. A written report serves two main purposes:

• To express in writing that something happened.
• To assess a specific situation.

Classification of Sentences by Syntactic Structure

• First criterion: Personal (has a subject) vs. Impersonal (no subject).
• Second criterion: Predicative (no attribute) vs. Attributive (has an attribute).
• Third criterion: Transitive (includes a direct object) vs. Intransitive (does not include a direct object).
• Fourth criterion: Active

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Verbal: Using words.

Non-verbal: Communication without words, including facial expressions, eye contact, hand movements, body posture, dress, and voice.

The Nature of Conversation

The conversation is a spontaneous activity between two or more partners involving both verbal and non-regulated non-verbal elements. A conversation develops live and takes place in turns.

Structure of the Topic

• Opening: Starts with greetings, questions, or exclamations.
• Body: The central part and the focus of the conversation.
• Closing: Uses common farewell formulas for the end.

Language in Informal Conversation

One of the main characteristics of oral language is improvisation, which is subject to change. Speakers often shift from one topic...