Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Espartero Regency: after the death of Maria Cristina Espartero was appointed regent, this was generally considered the leader of the progressive current, ruled with authoritarian mood when n gained support among liberals, do not hesitate to rely on moderate pra lso adopt some laws. K the 1st question was to resolve if the Regency era was unique or 3 persons, as advocated by most liberals, demanded to be regent Espartero unique and so he did. The way the government did manage to become members k him unconditional men to him. The work of his government was based on the sale of assets of the secular derexo. Another aspect of the government was a clear commitment x free trade, this aroused the suspicion of the opposition, accuse k Espartero lso...

The Political System of the Spanish Restoration

Cánovas del Castillo was the main leader of the party during the Sexenio Democrático (Six Democratic Years) who had defended the monarchical restoration. After the return of Alfonso XII, the Conservative Party became the primary political force, with the exception of the Carlists and Integrists. Cánovas's bipartisan draft required another party of a more progressive, left-leaning dynastic nature, which was proposed under Sagasta.

The Formation of the Dynastic Parties

From an agreement between progressives, unionists, and some moderate Republicans, the Liberal Party was born. Both parties performed the corresponding task of uniting various groups and factions, with the unique requirement of accepting...

The First Global Revolution and the New World Order

The Club of Rome in 1991 published a report entitled The First Global Revolution, which set forth the characteristics of the NOM (New World Order) as follows:

1. A strong urban growth;
2. A population explosion of the PIAS South;
3. An awakening of minorities and nationalism;
4. A more intense interdependence of nations;
5. An extension of the market economy;
6. An uneven economic growth;
7. A financial globalization with speculative trends;
8. Profound changes to the environment;
9. Major advances in high technologies;
10. Loss of ethical values and the extension of new pests.

Neoliberalism and Historical Economic Models

Neoliberalism is a legacy of the economic and ideological model proposed by Adam Smith in 1776 in his book The Wealth

Equality Law Objectives

• Ensuring comprehensive equality treatment across all public policies: employment, social, educational, cultural, and more.
• Establishing balanced participation of men and women in electoral lists, public administrations, and boards.
• Improving training, employment, and permanence in the labor market for women.
• Eradicating any harm or discrimination resulting from sex.
• Eliminating gender wage differentials.
• Adopting positive measures to protect vulnerable women.
• Promoting the reconciliation of work and family life.
• Implementing gender-neutral language in the administrative field.

Promoting Equal Opportunities

• Employment policies aim to increase the participation of women in the labor market.
• In the agricultural sector, a "shared ownership"

Early Phases of Modernism

The movement known as Catalan Modernism saw distinct phases in its development. The second phase marked the culmination of the understanding of all artists and intellectuals. Catalan intellectuals, particularly through the magazine L'Avenç, began to feature social criticism. Symbolist authors, however, did not adapt well to this new direction.

The third phase of Modernism, in contrast, tilted markedly towards decadentism. Santiago Rusiñol, a prominent figure, delivered a speech defending his conception of art almost as a religion, emphasizing its spiritual and aesthetic dimensions.

Consolidation: The Sitges Modernist Festivals

The Modernist Festivals, held in Sitges, were crucial in consolidating the movement. The premiere...

Values and Their Influence on Human Behavior

Values are deeply held convictions of human beings that determine their character and guide their behavior. Partnerships involve a multitude of individuals who are grouped by preserving their individuality and harmonized coexistence through mutual cooperation to achieve common goals.

Understanding Neoliberalism

What is neoliberalism, and what is its background? Neoliberalism, also known as neoliberal institutionalism, is a political theory that aims to maximize the reduction of state intervention. It is associated with the free market and capitalism in economic terms.

Fundamentals of Economics

Economics focuses on the best use of assets to meet existing needs.

The Role of the State in the Economy

The State...

The Mechanics of Electoral Control

The Government, through the Civil Governor, ensured candidate success during elections by mobilizing supporters to secure maximum votes. They frequently pressured voters and local officials to distort results and manipulate vote counts to favor government-backed candidates. This system reinforced the role of local political chiefs, who functioned as a parallel power to the state, often replacing it in rural areas where the population was demobilized and apolitical. Conversely, in urban areas with educated publics and greater political pluralism, these processes were more difficult, allowing parties outside the system—such as Republicans, Carlists, and regionalists—to secure seats.

Core Tenets of Cánovas'

Core Branches of Linguistics

• Phonetics: The study of the physical sounds of language.
• Phonology: The study of the functional value of sounds in a language.
• Morphology: The study of the rules governing the structure of words.
• Syntax: The study of the relationship between words and their functions within a sentence.
• Lexicology: The study of the process of forming words in a language.
• Semantics: The study of the meaning of morphemes and words.
• Pragmatics: The study of language use, focusing on relationships between speakers and the context of communication.
• Sociolinguistics: The study of language varieties, identity, and the attitudes of social groups toward language.

Phonetic Systems

• Tonic system: (Tonal characteristics).
• Atonic system: (Non-tonal characteristics)

Catalonia: Agriculture, Tenancy and Rural Structure

In Catalonia, the majority of farmers were small- or medium-size owners, although there were a large number of tenants (arrendataris / darrendataris). Catalan tenants, unlike those in the rest of Spain, often had long-term contracts, which helped modernize their fields.

Urban Social Structure and Social Classes

Like the countryside, the city was also a well-structured society, divided into classes and even by neighborhoods. At the top was the bourgeoisie. In Catalonia and the Basque Country the industrial bourgeoisie was enriched by industry and possessed large sums of money, making them the highest urban class. There was also a financial bourgeoisie (banking-related). Frequent marriages occurred...

The Enlightenment: Core Ideas and Global Diffusion

Description: The Enlightenment was a new school of thought characterized by the use of reason for understanding natural and social reality. It emerged in England and the Dutch Republic, with France becoming the central diffuser of this philosophy, which subsequently spread throughout Europe and America.

Enlightenment thought lacked a systematic theory. Its ideas were derived from the sum of contributions from various influential authors, including Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

Key Characteristics of Enlightenment Thought

• The predominance of reason as the instrument for obtaining truth, in relation to other forms of knowledge (e.g., revelation and tradition). This led to the use of