Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship

The Primo de Rivera coup d'état was driven by political instability, governmental crisis, nationalism, social unrest, and severe government repression. The 1921 Annual disaster in the War of Morocco further fueled criticism from the opposition regarding the regeneration of the political system.

Objectives and Support

Objectives: To restore order in Spain and promote national regeneration.

Support: The King, the Army, landowners, the Church, Republicans, and the PSOE/UGT.

Opposition: Middle classes, students, intellectuals, Republicans, peripheral nationalists, the CNT, PSOE, and UGT.

Actions and Policies

The military government suspended the constitution, promulgated municipal statutes, and attempted tax reforms to...

Dominant Europe: The Industrial Advance

The advance of industrialization worldwide led to the fragmentation into two major poles: the industrialized countries and those dependent upon them. Europe imposed its economic model, ideals, and culture on much of the planet.

Between 1873 and 1890, a developing economic crisis originated from an agricultural crisis. This resulted in a crisis of overproduction across all sectors. As reserves accumulated, prices fell, profits decreased, competition increased, and many industries closed. The industrial world eventually emerged from this crisis by renewing productive structures through technical innovation and corporate remodeling. Consequently, industrialized countries directed their focus toward previously...

Types of knowledge:

• Intuitive: acquired through direct experience with things, objects, people.
• Empirical: based on experience; does not explain reality.
• Magic relig: built on beliefs and supernatural ideas.
• Philosophical: guide for human beings in the search for knowing.
• Scientific: produced with a method of study for observing, analyzing, and reflecting on reality.

Human beings:

Characterized by reason and consciousness of their acts, with a natural desire to know.

Formal sciences:

Study conceptual entities like numbers, figures, and concepts.

Factual sciences:

Study natural events, including natural and social phenomena.

Social sciences:

Study human social relationships and institutions.

Methods of sociology:

Main methods include positivism, comparative,...

Ancient Greece and the Archaic Period

• Greece had a privileged maritime position, as it was located between the Aegean and Mediterranean seas.
• Around 800 BCE, the first stage of Greek history, called the Archaic period, began.
• Philosophy appeared, along with the first artistic forms, the theater, and political reforms.
• In the city of Athens, formal education began at age seven: young people learned to read and write and studied music; they also received physical training. Between ages 18 and 20 they performed military service.
• In Sparta, social classes included: Spartans, Helots, and Perioeci. The Spartans were the dominant ruling group.

Roman Civilization

• The Roman civilization was located on the Italian peninsula.
• Society was formed by the patricians,

The Cortes of Cadiz and the Constitution of 1812

In 1810, the selection of general and special courts was carried out, meeting in a single chamber to build a new state through legislative efforts. In its first decree, the Court declared that national sovereignty resided within it. The promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz would long serve as the reference text for Spanish liberalism.

The Legislative Achievements of the Cortes

The Cortes of Cadiz were elected by universal male suffrage across the three estates. Their most significant accomplishments included:

• Abolition of torture
• Abolition of feudalism
• Freedom of the press
• Approval of rules for local council elections
• Abolition of the Inquisition
• Suspension of the Mesta
• Abolition of union privileges

Furthermore,...

The Generation of '36: Poetry Post-War (1936)

In the 1940s and early 1950s, a number of poets, more or less the same age as M. Hernández, formed what is known as the Generation of '36. This group began writing in the years immediately preceding the war, addressing very human issues. Some had to continue their work in exile, while those who remained in Spain were oriented in various ways, which Dámaso Alonso categorized into two types: rooted poetry and uprooted poetry.

Rooted Poetry

This poetry belonged to those who held faith in something that ordered the world, such as political, religious, or loving ideas. Among them was a group calling itself Youth Creating, grouped around a magazine named Garcilaso. General characteristics of the Garcilasistas...

Understanding Citizenship

Dimensions of Citizenship

Citizenship defines the relationship between citizens and the state. It expresses the defining characteristics of membership in the political community, involving rights (which the state must recognize, guarantee, and protect) and duties of citizens.

Cultural Identity and Citizenship

Cultural identity offers individuals a way to be recognized as belonging to that culture. The cultural dimension views citizens as members of differentiated groups within a state, raising the issue of minority rights.

Integrating Political and Cultural Aspects

The union of political and cultural aspects must maintain this distinction, as it is essential for a thorough comprehension of the modern democratic state of...

The Organization of Colonial Empires

Once exploited, colonies were conquered militarily to be administered directly by the metropolis. This resulted in political, economic, social, and cultural control over the colonized peoples.

Colonial Administration

Depending on the type of settlement, we can distinguish two different types of colonies:

• Exploitation colonies: These held a small population migrating from the metropolis and focused on the exploitation of their resources.
• Settlement colonies: The migrating European population enjoyed the same rights and privileges as the metropolitan citizens and imposed their rule on the local population.

The British Empire introduced a model of organization that was generalized to other colonial empires. Colonies...

Core Sociological Concepts

Socialization: The process by which individuals internalize the culture of society, including its rules, standards, and customs. This lifelong process shapes an individual's understanding and participation in their community.

Types of Socialization

• Primary Socialization

  Introduces the individual to society, typically occurring within family development and elementary school. This phase is primarily emotional, focusing on the appropriation of fundamental values, attitudes, and ways of life.

• Secondary Socialization

  Builds upon primary socialization without destroying it. It introduces the individual to institutional worlds such as labor, religious, or political organizations. Individuals often choose the social sectors they

Joaquín Costa and the Spanish Regeneration Movement

Joaquín Costa Martínez (Monzón, Huesca, September 14, 1846 – Huesca, February 8, 1911) was a distinguished politician, lawyer, economist, and historian from Aragon. He was a prominent member of Regenerationism, a movement at the turn of the 20th century that challenged the existing political system and sought to revitalize Spain.

The Socio-Political Context of the Restoration

The text examines the socio-political and economic environment of the Restoration era. Costa identifies the primary factors that shaped the government, specifically the oligarchy. This system placed supreme power in the hands of a wealthy few—large landowners and financiers—who maintained political control through...