Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

1. The Land and the Social Issue (1902)

This circumstantial historical text is part of the work The Land and the Social Issue (1902), written by the regenerationist Joaquín Costa. Born in the province of Zaragoza to a modest farming family, Costa graduated in Philosophy and Law.

During the crisis of the Restoration system and the reign of Alfonso XIII, Costa—alongside Alba and Paraíso—created the National Union. This served as a third political alternative to the conservatives and liberals, organized in Zaragoza before the National League of Producers (1899), which was formed by dissatisfied Castilian farmers.

Following the disaster of '98 and the agrarian and textile crises, Costa denounced the distortion of democracy and proposed several...

Legitimacy of Political Power

The legitimacy of political power leads us to ask whether a phenomenon is positive or negative, and whether it is worth maintaining and improving or not. Not all political power is legitimate. We need criteria to distinguish what is not legitimate. The criterion of legitimacy for political power is that it will fulfill its function well, which is to do justice between the citizens.

The Liberal Tradition and Republican Inheritance

The Liberal Tradition: Every individual is the core of political action. The basic functions are to protect the lives of its members, reduce fear and uncertainty, secure property rights, and facilitate trade.

Republican Inheritance: The liberal state, as a democratic state, must be constitutional....

Agrarian Society and the State

The agrarian economic system was based on an economy that produced what nature would not deliver on its own. They obtained all necessary resources through agriculture, leading to a significant social transformation: a sedentary lifestyle. Since they no longer had to travel for food, they settled in favorable locations to produce the first stable demographic nuclei.

These societies were egalitarian and self-sufficient, much like hunting societies, where all members contributed to the good of the group and its perpetuation. The individual maintained a connection to their group in terms of economics and thought, as there was no formal legal system.

The Emergence of the State

Around 3300 BC, these societies began to change....

Globalization: A Multifaceted Process

Economic Impact

Globalization is driven by the interdependence of financial markets, facilitated by information and communication technologies, and furthered by deregulation. This has led to growing interdependence among all regions, influencing government decisions and increasing the mobility of information and opinions. National economies are integrated into a global market, with the movement of goods and money occurring on a global scale.

Political Impact

Supranational political institutions and global organizations are increasingly making decisions that impact nations worldwide.

Communication and Technology

Centralized media networks extend globally, and new communication technologies connect more users...

José Ortega y Gasset: Historical Context

During the lifetime of José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), Spain experienced the most diverse political forms. This period saw the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, which was replaced by the Second Republic, subsequently interrupted by the Civil War, leading to Franco's dictatorship. Outside of Spain, the era was marked by the loss of Cuba and the Philippines, known as the Disaster of '98. Globally, the First and Second World Wars, the Cold War, German Nazism, and Italian Fascism profoundly shaped the geopolitical landscape.

Socio-Cultural Landscape of Ortega's Era

Society witnessed a significant growth in the political influence of the middle class and increased participation of the masses in political...

The attitude and mentality of the army INDICATED through coup practice these shots had a liberal in most of k were made during the nineteenth century but since the end of the first republic and from the crisis year of 1898 a part of the Spanish army changed its mind this sector evolved from liberalism to conservative positions k can say the Basque and Catalan nationalist demonstrations were one of the important causes of military azalmiento of 1936. The modernization of the country little more difficult as k would be considered a global advance of the republic society attempt to carry out modernization in all spheres but the conservative forces of society in Spain opposed the industrial revolution came late and only affected Catalonia and the

Astronomy and cosmology are fields of science and knowledge that study the cosmos and the universe. Cosmology, in particular, is part of theoretical physics and investigates the origin, nature, and evolution of the universe.

Prehistoric Sky Observation

Cosmology was observed for the first time in prehistory, reflecting humanity's early interest in observing the sky during prehistoric epochs.

The development of calendars, linked to tracking animal migrations and agricultural cycles, provides evidence of systematic attempts to determine the position and movements of the Sun and the Moon.

Stonehenge demonstrates the study of the universe in order to try to determine with maximum precision the position of the Sun during the summer and winter solstices....

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'...

Social Changes

As a direct result of the economic changes experienced from the 1960s, Spanish society underwent a profound transformation.

Demographic Shifts

Regarding demographics, there was a substantial population growth due to an increasing birth rate (the "baby boom"). At the same time, the urban population grew as a result of rural exodus, industrialization, and the expansion of the tertiary sector. Emigration was also directed toward countries like France, Switzerland, and Germany, which needed manpower.

This transformed the socio-professional structure. Employees, professionals, executives, and officials saw an increase, alongside a decline in the agricultural community. In some regions (Catalonia, Madrid, Basque Country, Asturias), heavy...

The Weimar Republic

In 1918, Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated, leading to the establishment of a Republic in Germany. Initially, the republic had to endure revolutions by Spartacists—who sought to imitate Bolshevik groups to establish a socialist republic. This revolution was suppressed with force, and its two leaders were killed.

Later, new elections were held for a Constituent Assembly in the city of Weimar. The Assembly drafted a constitution that established a federal republic based on democratic principles, including universal suffrage. The first president of the republic was the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert.

The three major moderate parties secured a majority of votes and formed a coalition government, which signed the Treaty of Versailles....