Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

LANGUAGES OF SPAIN

Linguistic map and scope

The linguistic map of Spain is rich and varied. First, we will not consider Portugal, Andorra, or Gibraltar, nor debate whether the Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla are included. The linguistic reality of Spain is composed of a number of languages, dialectal forms, remnants of medieval varieties, and many local and regional dialects.

Major languages present in Spain

The principal languages that exist in Spain are Castilian (Spanish), Catalan, Galician, and Euskera (Basque). A dialect or regional form is a particular variety of a language in a given territory. These varieties are sometimes weakly differentiated from other dialects; what makes them peculiar is pronunciation and vocabulary...

Actors in the Elderly Policy Agenda

Which actors are involved in bringing elderly issues to the government agenda? What role does each agent play in shaping this agenda?

The Dynamics of Agenda Formation

The formation of the agenda involves a changing set of actors who come and go, determining the time devoted to projects in light of other issues that should be addressed. Participation in shaping the institutional agenda tends to be somewhat limited and often tilted in favor of certain groups and issues, sometimes to the exclusion of others. The most obvious source of this imbalance is the fact that there are groups and interests that are better organized and more resourceful than others.

Key Stakeholders and Interest Groups

Legislators and legislative...

The American Lost Generation

The term "Lost Generation" refers to American writers who reflected the climate of pessimism and confusion that followed the First World War. Many became expatriates in Europe, frustrated with the cultural landscape of their home country. They described the futility and cruelty of the war, the Roaring Twenties, the Jazz Age, the Depression, and American society in general.

The moral crisis experienced by these authors was intrinsically linked to a literary crisis, which compelled them to seek new forms of expression. This generation represents one of the most important schools or literary movements in contemporary American literature. The authors comprising the Lost Generation shared a common interest and focus on...

Is it possible? This title may not be considered anything, but everyone's lips now are able to ask me to write about the text, and that way I will. Lasts! I almost forgot to say the title, *aix*.... Modernizing the Basque language is a question I addressed in this blog, i.e.
Basque is just peanuts for many, but to shit! They do not use anything, no friends, no home... anywhere! This text is aimed at those, there Tori!

Firstly, we need our own motivation to be able to speak Basque. Let's go there to make some changes, such as television. Only two channels are in Basque, and both are relatively boring. Well, yes! Something must have the following *pensatu*: Encouragement, *argitxoa* people between the eyes to light. But how? Is it possible?...

State of the New Structure

Fundamental Laws

The establishment of basic political laws and legal organizations of the Francoist state was a long process. It began during the Civil War and ended in 1966 with the Organic Law of the State. The first feature of the new state was the concentration of power: Franco was head of state, head of government, head of the party, and Generalissimo of the three armies.

• 1938: The Labour Law — the first basic law regulating labor relations and establishing the principles of national syndicalism.
• Jurisdiction of the Spanish: The set of duties and rights of the Spanish.
• National Referendum Act: Allowed Franco to submit to referendum issues he considered appropriate.
• 1947 — Law of Succession: Allowed Franco to appoint

Alienation (Enajenación)

Alienation or enajenación is a philosophical concept that describes the transformation of phenomena and relationships into something different from what they really are. It refers to the alteration and deformation, in the consciousness of individuals, of their real-life relationships.

Origins in Romantic and Classical Thought

The sources of the idea of alienation can be found symbolically in the Romantic representatives and Enlightenment thinkers in France and Germany. Figures such as Rousseau and German writers like Goethe and Schiller anticipated themes of estrangement and loss of authentic social bonds. These ideas were echoed and transformed by German classical philosophy, which emphasized additional theoretical...

Core Characteristics of Fascism

Fascism is an ultra-nationalist and authoritarian ideology. While its origins can be traced to nineteenth-century thinkers, it was systematized starting in 1919 by Benito Mussolini in Italy. Although fascism presents unique peculiarities in each country—most notably in Nazi Germany—it shares common traits inherent to authoritarian and dictatorial regimes.

1. The Totalitarian State

Fascism defends a "New State" based on a single-party system that aims to control all aspects of public and private life.

2. Rejection of Democracy

It rejects democracy as an expression of the majority will, viewing it as a force that weakens the nation. Elections are considered useless spectacles, and the movement denies that the majority...

Social Conflict and Industrial Unrest in Restoration Spain

The harsh working conditions in the industry and the countryside intensified social conflict and industrial unrest, manifesting as continued strikes and violent protests against the clases propietarias. The government's response to these demands alternated between harsh repression—using the army and Civil Guard—and minor social measures, such as the legal imposition of the eight-hour workday (1919) and the creation of the Institute of Social Reforms (1908).

The Labor Movement and Political Struggle

To defend the workers, the labor movement emerged with two fronts of struggle:

• Unionism: Demanding better working conditions.
• Political Action: Accessing government through both legal avenues

Modernism: Ideological and Aesthetic Currents

Current Ideological and Aesthetic:

• Regenerationist: Believed art could transform society; therefore, art's destination is the service of society. Promoting cultural workers saw the regeneration of society. They were influenced by the ideas of Nietzsche and Ibsen.
• Aestheticists: Considered that art had no purpose other than to seek aesthetic pleasure, a form of escape from everyday reality. Were influenced by Baudelaire and Verlaine (symbolism), Oscar Wilde, and Maurice Maeterlinck.

Regenerationism vs. Aestheticism

• Art and culture as means for changing society. Rejection of art-as-evasion.
• Art as a shelter for those of a sensitive nature to the insensitivity of society.
• Propose art-for-art's-sake.
• Art

Defining Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is an ideology that holds a specific culture as the sole embodiment of civilization. In this worldview, a culture acts as the center of the world, where all other societies are classified based on their degree of approximation to the mainstream culture.

Historical Context and Scientific Misuse

Ethnocentrism has sometimes been disguised as a scientific doctrine. A notable example includes the attempts by the National Socialists (Nazis) to establish rigorous biological criteria to distinguish between different races.

Anthropological Perspectives

A graphic illustration of the critique of ethnocentrism is provided by the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, who famously stated: "The barbarian is, first and foremost,