Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

World Bank Profile

The World Bank Group is a United Nations institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. It was created as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference, came into formal existence in 1945, and approved its first loan in 1947 to help France deal with post-war reconstruction. The primary mission of the World Bank is to reduce poverty and provide economic development. The activities of the organization are focused on developing countries, specifically in fields such as:

• Human rights development (including education and health)
• Agriculture development
• Environmental protection
• Infrastructure
• Legal institutions development

Currently, there are 188 member states and each member has one representative on the Board

English Language Vocabulary

Common Nouns

• Reliance
• Employer
• Employment
• Experiment
• Population
• Scanner
• Amusement
• Assistance
• Belief
• Trainer
• Darkness
• Attraction
• Exhaustion
• Retirement
• Promotion
• Responsibility
• Conservation
• Accommodation
• Knowledge
• Admission
• Advertisement
• Annoyance
• Approval
• Arrangement
• Arrival
• Assumption
• Improvement
• Application
• Argument
• Brilliance
• Payment
• Disappointment
• Relief
• Departure
• Isolation
• Denial
• Friendship
• Boredom
• Proposal
• Strength
• Loyalty
• Illness
• Allowance
• Marriage
• Censorship
• Success
• Complaint
• Achievement
• Comedian
• Childhood
• Failure
• Proof
• Punishment

Useful Adjectives

• Payable
• Preceptive
• Pleasurable
• Successful
• Supportive
• Suspicious
• Safe
• Resistant
• Shameless
• Sleepy
• Mechanical
• Moral
• Mysterious
• Courageous
• Creative
• Cruel
• Changeable
• Childish
• Civil
• Golden
• Avoidable
• Able
• Accidental
• Curious
• Additional
• Adequate
• Admirable
• Affectionate
• Alcoholic
• Anxious
• Advantageous
• Productive
• Proud
• Protective
• Punctual
• Pure
• Famous
• Faulty
• Forgetful
• Meaningful
• Less
• Excited
• Fashionable
• Fortunate
• Fit
• Comic
• Responsible

Global

The Linguistic Legacy

• According to the linguist Tom McArthur, “Old English and present-day English are as different from one another as Classical Latin and present-day French.”
• Basic tools of English—this, the, that, I, me, him, it—are of Anglo-Saxon origin.
• About 90% of the commonest words in English are of Anglo-Saxon origin.

What Were the Anglo-Saxons Like?

Insights from the 7th-century burial site at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk:

• Drinking vessels (glass and horn)
• Byzantine silver
• French coins in a purse
• Sword, shield, helmet: indicating high-status warriors.

The Laws of Aethelberht of Kent (7th Century AD)

Why are These Laws Important?

• What language did Aethelberht’s scribes choose? Why is this surprising?
• The Laws of Aethelberht are a compilation,

National Guard

The National Guard is responsible for the driving and control of operations required to contribute to the maintenance of internal order and cooperation in the development of military operations, in coordination with other military components.

Military Aviation

Military aviation is responsible for the planning, execution, and control of military operations required for aerospace defense, in line with other military components, and performs functions as mandated by law.

National Armed Forces

The National Armed Forces is a key element in the overall defense of the nation, organized by the State to conduct its military defense responsibilities to society.

Defense Council Powers

According to Article 38 of the Organic Law on National Security,...

Enlightened Despotism: Absolute Benevolence

Enlightened Despotism is a political concept that emerged at the end of the seventeenth century, belonging to the political systems of the Ancien Régime (Old Regime). It is a form of absolutism, often characterized as absolute benevolence. The ruler who practices it is sometimes called a benevolent dictator.

This system incorporated the ideas of the Enlightenment, particularly the belief that human decisions should be guided by reason. The monarch retained concentrated power but was viewed as the first servant of the state, implementing reforms aimed at achieving progress and the happiness of his subjects.

Key Reforms and Spanish Context

The monarchs that ruled under a system of enlightened despotism...

Regionalism and nationalism
In Spain the political regionalism develops sXIX late, during the Restoration.
Regionalism is a sense of belonging to a particular community.
When this feeling becomes strong, evolving towards decentralization policies. Then be called nationalism. Their common features were:
·

Exaltation of their own language.
Existence of common past
Existence of a race
· Claiming the courts to make special laws to the community
· Defense of economic interests.
The factors favoring nationalism were:
Existence of cultural movements
Centrality · Criticism
Presence of 2 springs Auto Central
• The impact of the industrialization process
Catalan nationalism: it was built in several stages.
· 1830, the beginning...

The Crown thus retains enormous power. The Cortes (Parliament) held the legislative power, which was divided into two chambers: the Congress of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). Deputies were elected at a rate of one per 50,000 inhabitants, while Senators served in their own right (nobles and officials of the Church or the Army) or as lifetime appointees by the King.

The Electoral Laws and the Cortes

The adopted Constitution left the approval of relevant electoral laws in the hands of successive Cortes, which were responsible for organizing elections, determining who could vote, and establishing the electoral system:

• The Conservative Party: Preferred a vote based on census suffrage, which was included in the Electoral Law of

The Moderate Decade in Spain (1844-1854)

The Moderate Decade refers to the period in Spanish history between May 1844 and July 1854. It was primarily characterized by the government of the Moderate Party.

When Ramón María Narváez and the Moderates seized power, they quickly marginalized the Progressives within a few months. The Constitution in effect was the progressive one of 1837, and soon efforts were made to draft another based on moderate principles.

Key Objectives of the Moderates

The primary objectives of the Moderates were to combine order with certain liberties, prioritizing order to establish a liberal state and achieve the country's transformation and growth. The work of the Moderates was of utmost importance, as their government...

The Industrial Revolution: Definition and Impact

The Industrial Revolution was a pivotal period spanning the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It represents a time of immense technological and sociocultural progress for humanity. This era was characterized by the replacement of an economy based on manual labor with one dominated by industry and mechanized production.

It introduced several key technical innovations, such as the steam engine and textile machinery like the Spinning Jenny.

Efficiency and Production Costs

A core feature of the Industrial Revolution was the simplification of complex tasks into several simple operations. This allowed almost any worker to perform the job without the need for highly skilled labor, thereby...

A New Social Order

Establishing a new social order should be achieved through a revolutionary process. The mode of production would culminate with the class struggle, and all classes would be eliminated. In this way, the emancipation of workers will occur, overcoming past social situations. Economic and material factors determine social and political intervention. Marx gave much importance to the economic issue.

Alienation in Capitalist Society

Feudalism and the Industrial Revolution

Marx analyzes the evolution of work in different societies and states how it changed throughout history as a function of the mode of production of each era. The medieval economy was based on feudalism, which superseded slave societies. The key was the property of farmers,...