Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Rise of Factories and Early Industry

New factories meant a concentration of capital and labor. The first companies were textiles. Increased production and consumption were driven by population growth, changes in agriculture, and trade volumes. This also brought changes in the structure of production and the relationship between owners and workers.

All these processes developed mainly in the textile industry. Factories represented the union of capital and labor under one roof. Workers followed a schedule and received a wage, losing the autonomy they had in agriculture. Traditional manufacturing was centralized in factories under one roof, where spinning machines operated alongside workers in various trades.

Wool vs. Cotton: Industry Shifts

Traditional...

The communicative situation is the set of circumstances in which communication takes place. These elements are:

• Personality of transmitter and receiver
• Degree of formality
• Topic of communication
• Intentionality
• Interaction type
• Scope of social interaction

Language Registers

It is the individual use of language. It reflects the ability of people to adapt their language style based on their proficiency: the higher the degree and level of language, the easier it will be to change their style. There are two types of registers:

1. Formal register: Used in specialized fields and employs standard usage. The formal register is the standard register.
2. Informal register: Used in family and friendship settings. The most significant is the colloquial register.

The Colloquial

France: From the Second Empire to the Third Republic

The Second Empire (1852–1870)

Louis Napoleon, President of the Republic, followed in the footsteps of his uncle. He staged a coup in 1851, forced his re-election, and was crowned Emperor Napoleon III in December 1852. His government implemented the following actions:

• European Conflict: Participated in conflicts to restore the greatness of France.
• Imperialism: Initiated an imperialist policy in Africa, Asia, and Mexico.
• Stability: Provided political stability during his rule.
• Governance: Maintained a Congress elected by universal male suffrage.

The Third Republic (1870–1914)

The success of the Third Republic was characterized by:

• Parliamentary System: A parliament elected by universal male suffrage

Key Concepts in Social Sciences

• Individual: Refers to a specific entity within a subject. It doesn't necessarily mean a human but can be any complete being belonging to a species, whether animal or vegetable.
• Society: In a broad sense, encompasses all individuals who interact, sharing common purposes, behaviors, or cultural traits.
• Social Intelligence: Also known as "intelligence sharing," it emerges from the interaction between people.
• Social Status: The position an individual occupies within the social structure, as evaluated by society. Each status is associated with prestige, consideration, remuneration, living standards, and social power.
• Roles: A set of norms and standards of conduct for an individual, based on their status, class, or social

Kant and Marx: Shared Philosophical Ground

Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx share a dialectical view of history. For both thinkers, history progresses through various stages, and some may even seem to be a denial of previous progress, or even a setback in historical development. However, measured with sufficient perspective, it appears as a stage in the unfolding of human potential. In this sense, Kant would be a precedent not only for Marx but also, as mentioned, for Hegel.

A Positive Assessment of Conflict

One consequence is that Kant and Marx also share a positive assessment of conflict. For Marx, this is reflected in the concept of class struggle. Kant also admits that conflict and antagonism are what drive history forward, suggesting that even...

José Ortega y Gasset: Influences and Context

Influences

Received Influences

1. Early Objectivism (until 1914): Ortega y Gasset's early philosophy was influenced by German neo-Kantianism, particularly the work of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. He embraced the importance of reason and its connection to objective, universal, and scientific thought.
2. Perspectivism (1914-1923): In this phase, Ortega y Gasset sought to move beyond the limitations of modernity. He aimed to transcend rationalism and idealism without reverting to earlier philosophical forms like relativism and realism.
3. Wilhelm Dilthey: Ortega y Gasset was influenced by Dilthey's emphasis on history for understanding human reality (historical reason) and the importance of "understanding" as

Science: Definition and Role

Science is rational, systematic, accurate, and verifiable, therefore inherently fallible and subject to constant revision. It forms the foundation of scientific research. As an activity, science is integrated into social life when applied to improve the quality of life (e.g., in medicine, engineering, architecture), thus transforming into technology.

Technique vs. Technology

Understanding Technique

Technique refers to a procedure or a set of procedures aimed at obtaining a particular result.

Defining Technology

Technology is a comprehensive set of procedures or processes designed to achieve a determined result. It serves the needs of human groups, individuals, and society. While science seeks knowledge and technique focuses...

Start of the Labor Movement in Spain

Workers began to react, protest, and organize against the prevailing conditions. This early phase saw significant uprisings and the formation of nascent labor organizations.

Early Protests and Luddism (1820-1830)

In this initial period, protests primarily targeted the mechanization of production. Luddism emerged as the first expression of worker revolt against machines, which were perceived as jeopardizing their jobs. This often involved arson and the destruction of machinery. However, workers soon understood that the core problem was not the machines themselves, but rather the unfair distribution of profits and inadequate wages. This realization led to the emergence of the first worker associations, particularly...

Articulation of Liberalism in 19th Century Spain

Moderate and Progressive Political Parties

The two major political parties during the reign of Isabel II were the Moderates and the Progressives. Both represented liberalism and were expressions of the defense of a constitutional monarchy system.

• Moderates: A group composed of landowners, merchants, and intellectuals with conservative leanings. They utilized census suffrage to prevent the masses from accessing politics, defended the principle of shared sovereignty between the Cortes and the Crown, favored limiting individual rights (such as freedom of the press, assembly, and association), and defended the Catholic Church.
• Progressives: Dominated by the liberal bourgeoisie and the financial industry,

Core Principles of Enlightenment Thinkers

John Locke believed in natural rights.

The idea that government power comes from the people is called the social contract.

Montesquieu supported the separation of powers to avoid the concentration of power.

A system with elected representatives is called republicanism.

A government ruled by a king with total power is known as an absolute monarchy.

The Enlightenment was a movement that promoted reason, science, and progress.

A revolution represents a major political or social change.

Key Terms and Definitions

• Revolution: A big political or social change.
• Enlightenment: A movement based on reason and science.
• Absolute Monarchy: When a king has total power.
• Social Contract: An agreement between the people and the