Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The English Model of Industrial Development

The English Model: Britain's pioneering status established it as a world power until 1914. The English model can be summarized under three main headings:

• Resources: Human resources and an increased population drove demand and provided manpower for the industry.
• Energy and Raw Materials: Abundant wool, iron ore, and coal provided a significant advantage over poorly endowed countries.
• Food: Bumper harvests and surplus produce occurred between 1740 and 1780.

Key Industrial Sectors

• Textiles and Steel: These became the classical sectors of national development.
• Thermal Innovations: Innovations were constant; the Watt steam engine became one of the most important inventions in history.

The Spread of the Industrial

UNIT 8: Text: Adequacy, Coherence, and Cohesion.

1. Text and Sentence:

"Statement: This is the minimum unit of communication, the minimum message. Features:

• Goes between long pauses (points).
• It has a single pitch.
• Is the full meaning unit.

There are 2 types: phrases (no verb) and sentences (verb conjugated).

-Text: A coherent set of statements.

Features:

• Is the maximum communication unit.
• It is composed of statements.
• Must be adequate.
• Must be consistent and well-knit.

Types of Text:

1. Narrative: feature story.
2. Description: discover something or someone.
3. Exhibition: tell us something.
4. Argumentative: try to convince.
5. Dialogue: maintained between 2 or more partners.

2. The Adequacy of the Text:

The adequacy of the text is the property that meets or does not violate...

Major International Organizations

World Bank (WB)

The World Bank is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. It is defined as a source of financial and technical assistance for developing countries.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The IMF's statutes state its main objectives as the promotion of sustainable exchange rate policies at the international level, facilitating international trade, and reducing poverty.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is an organization for international cooperation composed of 30 states. It aims to coordinate their economic and social policies. It was founded in 1960 and is headquartered in Paris, France.

United Nations (UN)

The UN is a global association of governments...

19th Century Germany: Nationalism and Intellectual Ferment

The Germany in which Nietzsche lived, and his friend Wagner, was the result of nationalist sentiment that took shape during the nineteenth century in Europe, due to the expansion of liberal thought and propagated by the Napoleonic invasions. Each nation sought a constitution that established the division of powers and political pluralism. In Germany, supporters of union with Austria fought against those who preferred a Germany under the rule of Prussia. With the new project, an expansionist Germany appeared. It set up the North German Confederation, annexed Alsace, Lorraine, and the German states in the South, and the Second Reich was founded. In the second half of the nineteenth century,...

Understanding Capital and Company Objectives

Types of Capital

• Physical Capital: Elements or resources of physical activity used for the production of fixed or circulating assets.
• Human Capital: The level of preparation and training of workers.
• Financial Capital: Economic resources invested in financial assets deposited in the company.

Resource Allocation

Societies must allocate and manage scarce resources that can be used in many ways. Resource selection techniques for production are critical.

Distribution of Resources

Resources are distributed to those who wish to satisfy their needs, to support minimum consumption needs, and to address income disparities.

Company Objectives

• Maximize Profit: Achieve this by increasing revenue and reducing costs.
• Type

18th Century Europe: Enlightenment & Despotism

The 18th century saw a unique political framework emerge in European monarchies: Enlightened Despotism. Kings sought to reconcile the maintenance of absolute power with the promotion of social and cultural improvements for their subjects. Enlightened thinkers, while directing their criticism towards religion and cultural traditions they considered superstitious, generally avoided direct political criticism of the monarchical system itself.

Frederick the Great & Kant's Enlightenment Views

One of the most important rulers of this era was Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great. He demonstrated significant intellectual gifts and governmental prowess, maintaining contacts with prominent...

Understanding Discourse and Language Functions

The Notion of Discourse

Discourse refers to messages that proliferate and spread rapidly, often linked to specific language functions.

Key Language Functions

• Referential Function

  When the focus is on revealing facts or information.

• Emotional Function

  When the sender expresses their mood, allowing insight into their privacy.

• Poetic Function

  When the purpose is to draw attention to the message itself, highlighting its form or content.

• Conative Function (Appeals)

  When the aim is for the receiver to accept an idea through persuasive arguments.

• Phatic Function

  When speakers attempt to maintain open communication using conventional expressions like "say," "if," "uh-huh," "well," etc.

Characteristics and Structure

The Commonwealth of Catalonia: Formation and Challenges

In Madrid, there were differing opinions regarding the Commonwealth of Catalonia. The Conservative party was opposed, and even within the ruling Liberal party, opinions were divided. Some saw it favorably, while others did not. President José Canalejas agreed to the Commonwealth and committed to the Catalan cause. Unfortunately, Canalejas was assassinated before he could pursue this agreement, and the project was stalled. It was not until the following year, 1913, that the Conservative government of Eduardo Dato finally allowed the Catalan Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was established in April 1914.

The Constitution of the Commonwealth

The first president of the Commonwealth was Enric Prat

Manifesto of Spain with Honors (1868)

The Manifesto of Spain with Honors is a pivotal political text from September 1868, drafted in Cádiz by Generals Prim, Serrano, Dulce, and Admiral Topete, among others. It marks the onset of the Glorious Revolution—a political rather than social movement—which ended the reign of Isabella II following a dual economic crisis (agrarian in 1866-67 and financial).

Context of the 1868 Revolution

• Political Unrest: The Night of Saint Daniel (1865) and the progressive uprising of sergeants at the San Gil barracks.
• Pact of Ostende (1866): An alliance between liberal progressives, the Liberal Union, and Republicans against Isabella II.
• Revolutionary Councils: During this period, revolutionary councils assumed power,

The Constitution of 1812: Spain's First Liberal Charter

The Constitution of 1812, adopted on March 19, 1812, and popularly known as "La Pepa," was the first liberal constitution in Spain. It stands as a foundational text in the history of liberalism. Liberal members Agustín Argüelles, Diego Pérez, and Muñoz Castro were the three leading figures in its preparation.

Key Features of the 1812 Constitution

• National Sovereignty: Power resides in the nation, not the monarch.
• Separation of Powers:
  • Legislative Power: Cortes (parliamentary chamber).
  • Judiciary Power: Courts.
  • Executive Power: The King, but with significant limitations:
    • Royal orders required validation by the signature of the relevant minister.
    • The King could not dissolve the Cortes.
    • A suspensive