Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Constitution of 1812 (Cádiz)

C.1812 (Cádiz) eliminates the Cortes' separation powers, establishes a constitutional monarchy, asserts national sovereignty, and provides for the elimination of special forums.

Doctrinaire Liberalism

Doctrinaire liberalism: constitutional monarchy with shared sovereignty; restriction of political participation (direct censitary suffrage); limitation of individual rights; state of Catholicism. Includes moderate and progressive currents.

Mendizábal Reforms

Mendizábal Reforms: restoration of science and provincial. Suppression of all convents; disentailment of the Church; redemption of the fifth (get rid of the military).

Constitution of 1837 (Estatuto of 1837)

C.1837 (Elizabethan) shared sovereignty between the king...

The Theory of Evolution

It is now believed that all different lifestyles evolved from a common ancestor. The main idea of Darwin's theory was that change materialized in the morphological variation of species. These changes were slow and gradual. The process responsible for this evolution is natural selection.

Neodarwinism: Its central tenets are that variability is due to chance, mutation, and genetic recombination. Evolution takes place not on individuals but on the population.

Technology and Technoscience

Technique: A way of knowing is applied to the resolution of a practical matter. The systematic organization of practical knowledge is the basis of technology.

Technoscience: Science presents new challenges to be met. In this way, technology...

The Era of Democracy

Pretended democratic regimes require the effective participation of citizens in politics. This supposes:

• Organizing states according to the principles of voting and respect for freedoms and rights.
• Advocating for access to information and culture.

Between 1870 and 1914, the expansion of democratic regimes took place in Western Europe. Gradually, authoritarian regimes disappeared, and freedoms restricted voting.

Suffrage

The right to vote was extended to a growing number of citizens. In the last third of the 19th century, the vote was censitary and masculine. The female vote was not yet implemented.

Universal male suffrage became a reality in Europe and America, with advances and setbacks.

The Constitution

The constitution is a set...

The Fall of the Monarchy and the Pact of San Sebastian

In 1930, the Pact of San Sebastian united three major political forces: the Constitutionalists, the historical Republicans, and the Socialist Party. Their alliance was derived from two primary lines of action: a revolutionary political manifesto and a coordinated effort to topple the monarchy.

The Birth of the Second Spanish Republic

The Republican-Socialist Biennium began following the municipal elections of April 12, 1931. Amidst a climate of uncertainty, the majority of representatives were elected from left-wing parties and the PSOE.

The 1931 Constitution and Democratic Rights

In 1931, a new Constitution was established, enshrining popular sovereignty, democratic rights, and a secular state....

Key Events of the Late Franco Regime

Council of War Burgos (1970)

The court-martial of Burgos, with the prosecution's request for 9 death sentences against 16 militants of ETA, caused a storm of international protest.

CCOO (1964)

The CCOO was born as an independent, democratic, and unitary movement, boosting the labor and political struggle.

Munich Conspiracy (1962)

The Fourth Congress of the European Federalist Movement, held in Munich in 1962, brought together Spanish opposition in exile and those from within Spain. Munich called for the end of the regime and the transition to a democratic Spain.

Polisario Front (1973)

A nationalist movement with socialist tendencies, the Polisario Front advocated for Saharawi independence.

General Education Act of

Key Features of Colloquial Language

Suprasegmental Elements

Intonation, accents, tone, and rhythm are critical elements in conveying meaning.

Word Order Flexibility

Speakers often rearrange words to emphasize items of interest, leading to a more logical flow.

Statement Complexity

Colloquial language often involves elaborations, anacolutha (shifts in grammatical construction), mixed styles, and syntactic displacement. For example, "The keys, where did I put them?"

Contextual References (Deixis)

Frequent use of deictic elements like "I," "you," and "now" that rely on the shared context for interpretation.

Discourse Markers

Increased use of discourse markers such as "then," "well," "okay," and "man" to structure conversation.

Relaxed Enunciation

Characterized...

Sanara Spa: Quick Reference

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Five Pillars: Holistic | Bespoke | Opulence | Awakening | Sustainability
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Concept: Grounding, Renewal, Transformation (inspired by the Seven Chakras)
Guests: Novice, Frequent User, Connoisseur

🛏 Treatment Rooms

Male (4): Opal (Strength)...

Introduction to Global Governance

What is governance? The concept of governance has evolved, reflecting new processes and methods by which society is organized. According to Rhodes (2012), "Governance implies a change in the meaning of government, referring to new governing processes, changing order and rules, or new methods by which society is organized." Similarly, Mark Bevir (2012) states, "Governance encompasses all governing processes, whether carried out by a government, market, or network, at different levels and through tools such as laws, norms, power, or language. Governance differs from government by focusing less on the state and more on social practices."

The Evolution of Global Threats: Pandemic Responses

Global threats, such as...

Terrorism: Understanding its Dynamics

Terrorism is the use of violence, intimidation, or coercion to achieve political, ideological, or social goals, often targeting civilians or non-combatants.

Types of Terrorism

1. Domestic Terrorism: Terrorism perpetrated within a country by its own citizens.
2. International Terrorism: Terrorism that involves multiple countries or has global implications.
3. State-Sponsored Terrorism: Terrorism supported or funded by a state or government.

Causes of Terrorism

1. Political Grievances: Political oppression, corruption, or lack of representation.
2. Ideological Extremism: Extremist ideologies, such as religious or nationalist extremism.
3. Social and Economic Factors: Poverty, unemployment, and social inequality.

Effects of Terrorism

1. Loss