Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Fashion's Influence on Social Interactions

Fashion plays a significant role in social interactions and status. People often make judgments based on clothing choices, making fashion a central aspect of social gatherings and groups. This is particularly true among youth, where appropriate attire can heavily influence social dynamics and even school attendance. Certain establishments, like workplaces, may enforce dress codes, limiting clothing choices.

Fashion as a Symbol of Profession and Hygiene

Institutions such as hospitals prioritize hygiene and cleanliness, necessitating specific attire for medical professionals. Protective gear, like sanitized scrub suits and gloves, is crucial during surgeries. Similarly, lawyers are often required to wear...

International Organizations and European Integration: Essential Facts

Most Important Treaties for European Integration

The following treaties allowed for the gradual deepening of the European integration process:

• Treaty of Paris (1952): Established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
• Treaties of Rome (1957): Established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
• Single European Act (1986): Launched the Single Market.
• Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1992): Established the European Union (based on three pillars).
• Treaty of Amsterdam (1997): Authorized further enlargement.
• Treaty of Lisbon (2009): Authorized constitutional changes.

Composition of the European Council and its President

The European...

The Evolution of the International Workingmen's Association

In 1872, the General Council of the IWA (AIT) was transferred from London, where it had been located since its inception, to New York, and was officially dissolved in 1876. In 1889, the Second International (Socialist) was established as its successor. Following the Russian Revolution, communists and socialists became deeply divided.

Marxism and Anarchism

Marxism

Marxism is the set of political and philosophical doctrines derived from the work of Karl Marx, a 19th-century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary. Marxist thought analyzes the past, present, and future:

• Present: It posits that bourgeois society is unjust, exploitative, and based on private property and surplus

Minority Languages: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

Dominant and Recessive Languages

In communities with two languages in contact, the existing social hierarchy is often reproduced. A dominant language gradually encroaches upon the domains of a recessive language, leading to its displacement. This recessive, or minority, language becomes relegated to lower socio-cultural spheres, ignored or overlooked in higher domains where the dominant language prevails.

The term "minority language" is a sociolinguistic concept unrelated to the sheer number of speakers. A minority language may be spoken by a majority in a linguistic community (e.g., Galician), or it may not.

Challenges in Quantifying Languages

The complex social composition and constant population...

Spanish in the Digital Age

New Technologies and Institutions

Among the technological resources serving the Spanish language, the internet, online press, text processors, and grammar checkers stand out.

• Real Academia Española: With support from other academies, it has made resources available online, including Spelling, the Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, and a comprehensive Spanish Grammar sensitive to language varieties. The United States has also participated in the language's dissemination on the continent.
• Universidad Antonio de Nebrija: Has conducted lexical studies on mobile telephony and the internet, creating resources like the Vocabulary of Mobile Telephony, Spanish-English/English-Spanish Dictionaries, and an online Spanish Language

Historical materialism, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a theory that aims to study society and the laws governing its development. These laws are objective, independent of consciousness, and knowable. Humans employ these laws in their practical activity. Historical materialism provides a scientific study of social reality and its historical evolution from a materialistic standpoint.

Marx developed general concepts that allow the study of any society as a whole, not just at a particular historical moment. Through economic, historical, and philosophical theories, Marx sought to discover the laws governing social change and presented a method for interpreting social conflict and its transformation. The German Ideology already contains...

Cultural Changes During the Bourgeois-Liberal Revolution

• Secularization of Culture: Emphasis on national, scientific, and technical aspects.
• Creation of National Consciousness: Language and common culture were enhanced, leading to citizens identifying with the nation-state.
• Spread of Literacy: Facilitated by the creation of a national educational system.
• Bourgeois Patronage: Industries influenced art and aesthetics to align with bourgeois tastes.
• State Education System: Implemented separately from church control.

Transformations in the Educational World

• 1857 Public Education Act (Moyano Law): A landmark legislative act.
• Dual System:
  • State Education: Faced budgetary constraints; primary education often managed by municipalities, secondary by provincial

Philosophical Implications of the New Science

The Role of Mathematics

The consideration of mathematics represents the true and objective reality that provides the intelligible structure of reality. Mathematics is "the language in which the great book of the world is written," and everything that disturbs or hinders the reduction of reality to a mathematical or geometric pattern must be mentally deleted.

The Mechanistic Worldview

This mathematization changed the image that man had of the world and of himself. When analyzed in terms of bodies with shapes, sizes, positions, and movements, the world tended to be seen as a vast clockwork. We understand it perfectly when we know the pieces that form it and the laws of motion that make them move, passing...

Major Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed the social, economic, political, and lifestyle structures of mankind, driven by the invention and implementation of large-scale machinery. Below are the key impacts:

Economic Impacts

• Increased work performance and reduced production costs, leading to significant wealth growth in industrialized nations.
• Development and accumulation of large capital companies and corporations.
• Design, development, and perfection of communication and transportation means, facilitating international exchange.
• Creation of modern financial institutions, including chambers of commerce, insurance companies, and banks.
• Development of the credit income system and the emergence of

Political System and Social Foundations

Introduction to the Bourbon Restoration

During the Sexenio Revolucionario, the Conservative politician Antonio Cánovas del Castillo prepared the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Alfonso XII. Cánovas convinced Queen Isabella II to abdicate her rights to the throne in favor of her son. He created a monarchist party and, finally, on December 1, 1874, drafted the Manifesto of Sandhurst. In this document, Prince Alfonso promised that, if named King of Spain, he would implement a parliamentary constitutional regime and a stable order based on patriotism and doctrinaire liberalism.

Cánovas and the Constitution of 1876

During the revolutionary period, Cánovas banked on the idea of the restoration...