Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The Pact of San Sebastian and the Republic

The Pact of San Sebastian refers to the historic agreements reached on August 17, 1930, in San Sebastian. Representing Republicans from across Spain, the meeting aimed to negotiate the establishment of a republic and abolish the Bourbon monarchy.

Conservative Republican Leadership

Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, along with Miguel Maura and the Liberal Republican Right party, represented the conservative republican faction in the Pact of San Sebastian. Their goal was to promote a popular movement to topple the monarchy and establish the Republic. This pact led to the creation of an executive committee responsible for directing republican action in Spain, with Alcalá-Zamora elected as its chairman.

Manuel Azaña

The press in the 19th and first third of the 20th century allows us to understand historical events and the different interpretations of reality from various political perspectives. Different media outlets responded to political parties and ideological currents within Spanish society.

The development of the press was stimulated in the 19th century by freedom of the press, becoming the main organ of expression for various political currents. This began during the reign of Fernando VII and consolidated throughout the century.

Key Publications

Under Isabel II:

• The Liberal
• The National Guard
• The Echo of the Working Class
• The Rocket

During the Restoration:

• The Emancipation
• The Socialist
• The Spanish and American Emancipation
• Diario de Barcelona
• La Vanguardia

The Autonomous Catalonia (1931-1934)

3.1. The Provisional Government and the Statute of Núria

• The negotiations with the Provisional Government of the Republic resulted in the immediate recognition of a regional government, which adopted the historical name of the Generalitat of Catalonia.
• The 46-member committee, chaired by Jaume Carner, gathered at the Sanctuary of Núria and drew up a blueprint (the Statute of Núria) that was handed to the government on June 20, 1931.
• The Statute proposed a federal nature and sovereignty residing in the people of Catalonia, establishing state autonomy within the Spanish Republic.
• The Catalan language was made official.
• The Government assumed exclusive powers over teaching, culture, police, health, and public

Rousseau's Core Ideas: Nature, Morality, and Policy

The fundamental concept of anthropological theory, morality, and policy, as outlined in Rousseau's Discourse on the Sciences and Arts and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men, centers on the inherent goodness of human nature and the corrupting influence of society. Evil, according to Rousseau, originates from social structures.

To develop this theory, Rousseau needed a working hypothesis: a theoretical assumption about human life before the establishment of social status, the state of nature. In contrast to Hobbes, Rousseau envisioned humans in this state as good, free, and happy, with inherent equality. The natural man possesses two dominant, basic feelings: self-love and natural...

The War of Independence: Background and Conflict

Background

The conflict began following the Abdication of Bayonne. After popular mutinies, Joseph Bonaparte was installed as King of Spain by France, leading to widespread insurrection.

Sides of the Conflict

• Pro-French Faction: Joseph Bonaparte, supported by Francophiles (opportunists and enlightened modernizers).
• Spanish Insurrectionists: Supported three main groups backing Ferdinand VII:
  • Liberals (desiring a liberal monarchy).
  • Absolutists (desiring absolute monarchy).

Development of the War

Rebellious zones organized local anti-French governing bodies:

• Local boards (nobility and clergy).
• Provincial and Central Supreme Juntas (managed the war and governed the country).
• The Regency Council in Cadiz (acted

Single Electoral Divisions

Electoral systems often feature divisions within their territorial scope, where all votes are aggregated to implement the chosen electoral formula. This constituency structure is found in elections to the European Parliament, and also in local elections where each municipality serves as a constituency.

These constituencies may have different magnitudes. Districts with a minimum magnitude, often a single seat, are called single-member constituencies. When they are assigned more than one seat, they become multi-member constituencies. Multi-member constituencies can be categorized by the number of seats:

• Low-magnitude: 2 to 6 seats
• Average-size: 7 to 14 seats
• High-magnitude: Over 15 seats

Multiple Electoral Divisions

In systems...

Scientific and Technical Discourse: Genres

Scientific and technical texts are communicated through various channels, by different sources, in diverse social spheres, and with varied intentions.

Oral Channel

• Conference: A public presentation of informative and educational content.
• Discussion: Aims to unify contrasting opinions and reach mutually acceptable conclusions.
• Speech: An informative presentation aimed at specialists.
• Scientific Discourse: A public presentation by an eminent academic institution, specifying an augmentative.

Written Channel

• Scientific Paper: A brief exposure to scientific information with didactic intent, typically published in media.
• Essay: A philosophical or scientific paper addressing a topic from a personal perspective, presenting

State Forms

State Authority Models

Authoritarian State

State Authority: The authority is unlimited, is not subject to any control, nor does it recognize any body to exercise criticism. This monopoly does not allow citizens to defend themselves in state affairs; the individual is totally helpless against the abuses of the state. There are two forms of authoritarian state:

1. State Absolutist

   Typical examples of this monopoly can be Felipe II's reign in Spain, Louis XIV's in France... There is no way of exercising any power or legal opposition against the king's command.

2. Totalitarian State

   The state controls all areas in which the subject unfolds, reaching control over those that are not state agencies, such as privacy and the media.

Rule of Law

The state...

Understanding Language Varieties

Language is a common code shared by speakers belonging to a community. Certain circumstances explain the appearance of different varieties within the same language. These are categorized into:

Diaphasic or Situational Varieties

These are related to the communicative situation and the individual style of the speaker. It is a variety of speech that gives rise to linguistic registers. The elements of a communicative situation are:

1. The personality of the sender-receiver
2. The communicative tension or degree of formality
3. The intentionality
4. The subject matter
5. Unilateral or bilateral interaction
6. The interaction space

There are two types of registers:

• Formal Register: Typical of cultural, scientific, and literary domains. The most

Article 332: National Executive Functions

The National Executive, in accordance with the law, is responsible for organizing efforts to maintain and restore public order, protect citizens, homes, and families, support the decisions of competent authorities, and ensure the peaceful enjoyment of constitutional guarantees and rights.

Billeting (Acuartelamiento) Definitions

Billeting (Acuartelamiento): The action of keeping military personnel available in barracks.

Billeting Levels

• Level A Billeting: Military personnel of the unit or units of the garrison will remain available in their barracks.
• Level B Billeting: 50% of military personnel of the units will remain available in the barracks.
• Level C Billeting: 25% of headquarters personnel will remain available.