Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Vocational training

Understanding Different Forms of Knowledge

Vulgar (Common) Knowledge

Acquired through personal experience. It is:

• Private
• Subjective
• Lacking a formal method or theory
• Transferable
• Very useful

Scientific Knowledge

Logical, interrelated knowledge that is:

• Transmissible
• Universal
• Systematic
• Theoretical

Religious Knowledge

Attempts to explain phenomena, such as the origin of the universe, through faith. It aims to direct humanity's happiness through faith.

Philosophical Knowledge

Provides understanding about ourselves and the universe; it encourages human life and critical thinking.

Comparing Philosophy, Science, and Religion

Science studies a specific part of reality, while philosophy studies that reality as a whole, including individual perception. While science...

The order is a document detailing the items that the customer demand and the conditions under which the purchase. El Albar is a document that details and justifies the delivery of goods which the customer takes place. 2 delivery notes, one signed by the client and returned to the supplier and another copy was left on file with the acquiring company. INVOICE documents proving legal services or the sale of mercancías.La selling company must retain a copy. The content of this document is legally regulated. The bill contains: 1. Identification of the company that makes the sale, 2 identification of the purchaser, 3 No. invoice date, location, ref.Albaran, no client, 4 and reference description of goods sold or services,5 discounts, 6 taxable income...

The Reality of Existence

The wonder of the reality of existence: this starting point of negation shows that philosophy cannot say anything about God. For ontology, the idea of God is a theory explaining the existence of all reality. This science treats the problem. What is surprising is that there is something; that is the origin of God.

The fact of the question of existence (that there is something rather than nothing) puts us in an ontological dilemma. Reality exists in one of two ways:

• By itself: It is self-sufficient.
• Not by itself: It is not self-sufficient, but depends on another reality that we call God.

It is its principle of existence; from here it can be deduced that all reality is either God or God exists separately from the reality we...

Legitimacy of the State and the Definition of Law

The legitimacy of the state's action is to defend peace, values, and characteristics of democracies.

Understanding Law: Three Perspectives

Law can be understood in three ways:

1. Science: The study of law through its history, philosophy, and sociology.
2. Subjective Power: The effective power a member of society has to possess, make, or demand something, according to the laws and the legal system that protects them.
3. Objective: The set of laws and regulations governing the conduct of people and directing their lives in society.

Key Characteristics of Law

Law has the following characteristics:

1. Rationality: Law must have its foundation in reason, far from any arbitrary whim.
2. Freedom or Tolerance: For equal circumstances,

Principles of Social Work

Human Rights and Human Dignity

Social work is based on respect for the inherent worth and dignity of every person, and the rights arising therefrom. Social workers should uphold and defend the integrity and physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual development of each person. This means:

1. Respecting the right to self-determination: Social workers should respect and promote the right of individuals to choose for themselves and make their own decisions, regardless of their values and life choices, provided they do not threaten the rights and legitimate interests of others.
2. Promoting the right to participation: Social workers should promote the full commitment and involvement of users to empower them in making decisions

Utilitarianism: The Pursuit of Happiness

The ultimate end and highest aspiration of humanity is happiness. All human actions aim toward this end, where happiness is defined as the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain.

The Nature of Happiness

Happiness should not be confused with secondary desires that serve only as means to an end; utility is a means, not the end itself. Happiness is not transcendental and does not require a deity; it is useful in and of itself.

Hierarchy of Pleasures

In utilitarian thought, the quality of pleasure predominates over its quantitative value:

• Lower Pleasures: Animalistic needs (e.g., eating, drinking).
• Higher Pleasures: Intellectual and cognitive pursuits.

The degree of desirability is determined by the amount...

For Sartre, when we speak of the distress or anxiety, we have reason. The man is absolutely free because it was not created for any purpose, either by God or by evolution, or any other thing. Simply we are there, and we have to decide what to do with ourselves. Sartre maintains that the atheistic existentialism is consistent, stating that if God does not exist there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being there before they can be defined: the man. The man begins to exist, arises in the world and then define. Start by being nothing, and will only be after as has been done. Thus, there is nature, because there is no God to conceive it, so there is absolutely libre.Esta man for Sastre freedom is so radical that denies...

The Negotiation Process

Negotiation involves addressing public or private issues to achieve the best possible outcome. For a negotiation to occur, the following conditions must be met:

• Intervention by two or more subjects.
• Connecting subjects through a theme that unites them.
• Conflicting or controversial positions regarding the matter.
• The desire of each party to conclude the process.
• The intent to solve the problem peacefully.

Types of Negotiation

• By the number of parties involved: Bilateral or Multilateral.
• By the strategy being used: Competitive (distributive), Cooperation (integration), or Mixed.
• By who sits at the negotiating table: Direct or Delegation.

Components of the Negotiating Process

• Subject of negotiation: Refers to the individuals who debate

Philosophical Reflections on Society: Plato and Marx

The thought of a philosopher is a true reflection of the society in which he lives, either to legitimize or criticize it. I decided to compare the Greek philosopher Plato (5th–4th century BCE) with the German philosopher Karl Marx (19th century). Although there are many differences, there are some similarities between these two thinkers.

Shared Political Engagement

For starters, both thinkers were extremely critical of the society in which they lived and sought to get involved in political reforms of their time:

• Plato tried to realize his political project as an advisor to the King of Syracuse.
• Marx acted through his revolutionary movement, creating institutions like the Communist League or

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