Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

Immune to Impresud with Inferior to
Indifferent to Jealous of Kind to keen on
Limited to Lucky at/with Mad at about Married to Nervous of/about Notorious for
Opposed to Optimistic about Patient with
Pessimistic about Pleased with Polite to
Popular with Presented with Proudof Punished for Puzzled by/about Qualified for
Ready for Related to Responsible for Sad about Sensitive to/about Serious about Sick of Similar to Shocked by Skillful at Slow at
Sorry for/about Successful at/in Suitable for Sure of/about Superior to Surprised at/by
Suspicious of Sympathetic with Talented at
Terrible at Terrified of Tired of Thankful to/for Typical of Upset about Used to. Nouns + prep ON Debate on Information on Hold on
Agreement on Ban on Congratulations on
Decision...

Understanding Common and Preferred Stock

Par Value Explained

Par Value: The stated value on a stock certificate.

• An accounting value, not market value.
• Represents the dedicated capital of a corporation, calculated as the total par value (number of shares * par value of each share).

Authorized vs. Issued Common Stock

• The articles of incorporation must state the number of shares of common stock the corporation is authorized to issue.
• The board of directors, after a vote of the shareholders, may amend the articles of incorporation to increase the number of shares.
• Authorizing a large number of shares may concern investors about dilution because authorized shares can be issued later with the approval of the board of directors but without a vote of the

Understanding Deficit AE

Deficit AE occurs when an individual faces significant challenges in daily life, particularly regarding social interaction. Individuals with this profile often exhibit the following characteristics:

• Self-Perception: They are extremely self-critical, constantly analyzing their own behavior, and experience excessive fear and uncertainty when making decisions.
• Sensitivity: They are overly sensitive to criticism and require continuous approval for their actions.
• Emotional State: They often maintain a defeatist attitude and struggle with persistent sadness.
• Social Behavior: They tend to be withdrawn and unsociable, yet simultaneously seek validation while being demanding of themselves and others.

Perception of Reality

These individuals...

Midterm #1 Review: AN252 Fall 2019

For each of these terms or phrases:

• Context: Know when and why they came up.
• Definition: Understand what they mean.
• Significance: Understand why they were important in our conversations.

Social and Cultural Constructivism

• Context: This idea first appears in Anthony D. Smith’s article.
• Definition: It emerged to explain how culture can be "created" by people. It serves as the antithesis to essentialism, where culture "just is."
• Significance: It describes when something is made up of various features that are consistently shifting and being rebuilt (i.e., many explanations and theories surrounding a concept). It is vital for understanding how culture is formed and how its formation contributes to a group’s identity.

Categorical Imperative: Maxims and Practical Laws

The difference between maxims and practical laws is fundamental to Kantian ethics.

Maxims (Subjective Principles)

Maxims are all the rules that govern the conduct of an individual, but are valid only for that individual. They are subjective principles of action.

Practical Laws (Objective Principles)

Practical laws are objective action goals, or imperatives, that express the objective necessity of the action required. The imperatives function because they show what everyone should do.

Why Imperatives Govern the Will

While man is a rational being, reason is not the only factor that determines the will. The will can also be determined by inclinations, desires, and needs. Since people do not always act...

Defining the Security Dilemma

The Security Dilemma is a situation where the increase in one state’s security (e.g., military strength) leads other states to fear for their own security. Consequently, it can lead to an escalation of tension (war/conflict) involving one or more parties, producing an outcome which no party truly desires.

Butterfield: Fear as the Ultimate Source

Herbert Butterfield argued that “the greatest war of history can be produced without the intervention of criminals; it could be produced between two powers.” He mentioned several propositions:

• The ultimate source is fear leading states to protect themselves, deriving from the “universal sin of humanity.”
• It requires uncertainty over others' intentions.
• Its origin is

Ethics and Values in Social Work

Ethics

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality and human duties. It explores the concept of "a must" that aligns with human nature and addresses the demand for universal values.

Moral Values

Moral values are norms and behaviors that guide human obligations in their interactions with each other and society.

Values

Values represent the ideal ways of being or acting for individuals or communities. They serve as goals and relate to culture, contributing to the common good. Values carry an emotional weight, enabling individuals to prioritize them over personal desires.

Beliefs

Beliefs signify a strong conviction and adherence to something, fully accepting an event or news as true. Unlike values, beliefs...

Applied Business Ethics: Foundational Concepts

Defining Ethics and Morals

• Ethics (Greek: Ethos) = Custom
• Morals (Latin: Mos-Moris) = Custom

Ethics is defined as the science of morals, studying the goodness and badness of human acts.

Ethics as a Scientific Paradigm

Ethics is explained as a science due to its scientific character: it is exposed as a universally based paradigm, representing a pattern of behavior that indicates how we should act.

Ethics and Rational Nature

Ethics is also explained from its rational nature, attempting to explain the causes and reasons behind the goodness or wickedness of human actions. It is also defined as a normative science.

Normal vs. Normative Right

The normal fact is what usually happens.

The normative right is what...

Insurance Contract: Core Concepts

An insurance contract is one whereby the insurer undertakes, by charging a premium, and if the event occurs whose risk is hedged, to compensate within the agreed damage to the insured, or to satisfy a capital, income, or other benefits agreed.

Legal Concept of Insurance (Art. 512 CCo)

Insurance is a bilateral, conditional, random contract by which a natural or legal person takes upon himself for a certain time all or any of the risks of loss or damage that certain objects belonging to another person may face. This is done by forcing through a contract fee to compensate the loss or any other estimable damage suffered by the insured objects.

Parties Involved in an Insurance Contract

1. Insurer: The entity assuming the

Five Bioethical Principles

• Autonomy: A person's rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination; the ability to direct one's own life.
• Nonmaleficence: Not to intentionally harm others.
• Beneficence: To constitute the very soul of morality (doing good to others).
• Utility: This principle says that we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad for all concerned.
• Justice: People getting what is fair or what is their due.

Six Key Moral Theories

• Utilitarianism: A consequentialist moral theory that insists the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results.
• Kantianism/Deontology: Kant's principle of respect for persons says that we should always treat persons never merely as a means to an end; i.e., don't use