Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

An Approach to Ethics and Morals

The Etymology of Ethics

The word ethics comes from the Greek and has two meanings. The first term comes from the word ethos, meaning custom or habit. Later, this originated from the word ēthos, which means way of life or character. Aristotle believed that the two words are inseparable. Ethics lies in the moral conscience of every human being and serves as an engine, brake, or steering wheel, as appropriate, for the time of action.

Understanding the Scope of Ethics

Ethics is a concept that encompasses a variety of meanings. The word ethos has a much broader sense than that given to the word ethics. Ethics includes the disposition of man in life, character, custom, and morals. We could translate it as "the mode or...

The Institución Libre de Enseñanza: A History

The Institución Libre de Enseñanza (ILE) was founded in 1876 by professors from the Universidad Central de Madrid (Francisco Giner de los Ríos, Gumersindo Azcárate, Teodoro Sainz Rueda, and Nicolás Salmerón, among others). They defended academic freedom and refused to adjust their teaching to any official dogma in religion, politics, or morals. Giner de los Ríos stood out as a key figure.

The ILE was a moral regeneration project that remained consistent throughout its 60 years of existence: it aimed to create a "new man," capable of confronting the moral situation of the country and overcoming it, as well as fostering a new model to enhance individual and collective life, making it more rational,...

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) facilitates decision-making, objective setting, and alternative generation. This structured brainstorming method yields focused results, proving valuable when aiming for common conclusions or proposals. NGT helps overcome obstacles in achieving unanimous agreements and clearly defining collective objectives. Ideally used with groups of up to twelve people, NGT sessions combine individual reflection with group interaction.

NGT works best with homogenous groups striving for consensus on a specific action plan. If conflicting viewpoints arise, separate nominal groups representing different perspectives can be formed. A typical NGT session follows these steps:

1. The leader introduces

Essentials of Business and Professional Ethics

1. Ethical Responsibilities of a Business

   • To the general public: Avoiding adverse effects on public health, the environment, and philanthropic efforts.
   • To customers: Ensuring informed choices, the right to be heard, and customer safety.
   • To the workforce: Providing a safe workplace, preventing harassment and discrimination, ensuring equal opportunity, and offering a chance for a quality life.
   • To investors: Practicing good accounting, and providing an accurate portrayal of the firm's financial resources and conditions.

Basis for Ethical Business Organizations

1. Ethical Awareness

   Implementing a code of conduct for all employees and managers.

2. Ethical Reasoning

   Providing ethics education for employees and managers.

Authoritarian

Expecting others to obey rules completely.

Demanding

Needing a lot of your time and energy.

Consensual

Involving the agreement of most people in a group; democratic.

Coaching

Giving training or advice for a specific job or task.

Mentoring

Advising and helping someone more generally over a longer time period.

Empowerment

Giving control over decisions to other people.

Liaison

Exchange of information between people so that they work well together.

Hierarchical

Where people and jobs are divided into many levels of importance.

Proactive

Taking action before it's needed, rather than waiting until problems develop.

Qualities

Part of your character and personality, often present at birth or developed early in life. Hard to change.

Skills

Can be developed...

The Organization of the State as the Subject of DC

Here we are interested in developing the idea that when we speak of an authority that can be imposed, we believe it is political power, which has the capacity to decide and implement the standards. Political power has a monopoly on force in a community where violent acts are used to achieve social peace. Speaking of state power, we must also discuss an approach to organization, which consists of rules governing the operation of that power and even its monopoly. The criteria affecting the organization of the State are of three types:

1. Historico-Empirical Type (Heller)

This approach takes its reference from the anthropological features that occur in different social groups. The basic idea is that...

Disciplinary Dismissal: Grounds and Conditions

Disciplinary dismissal constitutes a serious breach of contract. For a dismissal to be considered disciplinary, the following conditions must generally be met:

1. The presence of both gravity and culpability.
2. Culpability can be intentional, negligent, or merely careless.
3. Objective and subjective circumstances, as well as historical and contemporary facts serving as grounds for dismissal, must be considered.
4. A principle of proportionality between the act, the employee, and the disciplinary sanction imposed must be applied.

Legal Grounds for Disciplinary Dismissal (ET Art. 54.2)

Article 54.2 of the Workers' Statute (ET) lists the following grounds for disciplinary dismissal under a numerus clausus (closed...

Social Security Registrations and Deregistrations

Registrations (High) correspond to the beginning of a new job or a change of company for which an employee will provide services. They serve to establish the social security relationship for a protected individual.

Deregistrations (Low) correspond to the termination of professional activity that an employee had been developing, or the termination of the employment contract linking them with a particular company. They also apply to changes to a workplace located in different provinces, and even within the same province, if adherence to a different contribution account is required.

The Obligation to Contribute to Social Security

The main financial resources of the Social Security system come from...

Children and Literature

Definition

Children's literature is the body of written works addressed to children from birth to adolescence, covering topics of relevance and interest to children of those ages, through prose and poetry, fiction, and nonfiction.

Children's books are about the experiences of childhood, both good and bad. The content of children's books includes diverse topics that are of interest to children, such as dinosaurs, Egyptian mummies, world records, and fighter planes.

The manner helps to define children's books. Forthright, humorous, or suspenseful manners are appropriate for young readers.

Quality in writing has to do with originality and importance of ideas, imaginative use of language, and beauty of literary and artistic style....