Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

Accidental Values of Gender

Some nouns have alternating genders that refer not only to sex but also to other non-sexual characteristics. Pottier refers to this as dimensional gender, where the alternating male/female forms refer to size. For example:

• El jarro (the jug) / La jarra (the jar)
• El cesto (the basket) / La cesta (the basket)

In these cases, the feminine form often implies a larger size. Similarly, when referring to trees and their fruit, the masculine form often denotes the tree, while the feminine form denotes the fruit:

• El naranjo (the orange tree) / La naranja (the orange)

When referring to people, the feminine form often denotes the female counterpart. For example:

• El alcalde (the mayor) / La alcaldesa (the mayor's wife)

Gender of Proper

Key Definitions of Justice

• Ulpiano's Justice: The Roman philosopher Ulpiano defined justice as the constant and perpetual will to give each his own, to act appropriately, not to harm anyone, and to give everyone his due.
• St. Thomas Aquinas on Justice: Following in the footsteps of Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas added the concept of general, social, or legal justice, according to which community members must adapt their behavior to the common good.

Classes and Parts of Justice

Justice is shown in three dimensions:

1. The state requires the citizen to adjust its behavior to the common good.
2. The matter requires the state to reverse the cumulative delivery of efficient public services or to distribute equitably the charges and public burdens.
3. Individuals

Mutual vs. Commercial Insurance Contracts

According to Article 124 of the Commercial Code (C. Com), mutual insurance companies, fire tontines, life combinations to assist the elderly, and any other class, are considered businesses and remain subject to the provisions of this Code when engaged in acts of foreign trade to the mutual fund or corporation, thereby becoming a fixed premium entity. This section highlights the difference between insurance contracts entered into with a public limited company (SA) and those concluded with mutual organizations.

It is crucial to distinguish between fixed premium mutuals and variable premium mutuals. These represent different social forms, primarily based on mutual responsibility:

• In the first case (fixed

Mutual Agreements: Consumer Loans

First Part:

The Mutual: Consumer loan (free)

Subjects:

• Mutuante: Who delivers the thing
• Borrower, who accepts and agrees to rollback.

Subject Matter:

Stuff Supplies: money, cereals.

Cause:

Delivery of the thing

Actions:

For the return of the thing: actions of the law.

If it was wheat: Trigari action

If it was money: Credit money action.

Maritime loans: A person pays a shipowner money to take a commodity, money should reach port. The money was to buy merchandise.

Respond by: Pay guilt, deceit and assumes the risk of unforeseeable circumstances.

Muto would argue: borrowed money to invest and be repaid with interest, loan for use (free).

Loaning Agreements

Subjects:

• Lender: Who delivers the thing
• Borrower: who accepts and agrees

Causes Preventing Check Payment

The drawee (bank) may refuse payment for several reasons:

• The drawer is not authorized by the bank.
• Insufficient funds are available in the account.
• The signature does not match the bank's records.
• The check is altered in quantity or any of its essential elements.
• The drawer has issued a stop payment order (revocation).
• The drawer is declared bankrupt.

Check Protest Procedures

The protest of a check is a formal declaration presented by the drawee, noted on the check itself, confirming that the instrument was submitted in a timely manner but was not fully or partially paid.

A check submitted on time that is not protested must still be claimed no later than the next business day following the submission deadline.

Limitation

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 contains a wide range of guarantees of cultural diversity for groups and formations in which the personality of members of the Spanish population unfolds. There is a significant development of ensuring pluralism of the major cultural communities, inserted into a system of territorial autonomy with a wide capacity to govern for the development of their cultural interests. Moreover, the Constitution guarantees the protection of the common culture of Spain. However, the guarantee of non-territorial cultural groups (ethnic diversity) is confined to the generic non-discrimination principle. The Constitution also guarantees, specifically, cultural pluralism with regard to certain institutions, as in the case of education...

History of the Stock Exchange

Over 21 years ago, the concept of the stock exchange emerged. Today, less than 1% of businesses remain listed on the market.

Origins and Early Development

There is no definitive agreement on the origin of stock exchanges. The clearest precursor lies in procurement auctions, where goods were sold publicly, with the price determined by existing demand.

An urban legend traces the birth of this concept to the XV century in Bruges. Operations were reportedly closed in the house of a man named Vander Bouse, whose shield featured three bags (of money).

The commercial center shifted from Bruges to Antwerp. In 1527, Charles V of Germany and I of Spain authorized the creation of a stock exchange there.

Later, between 1608 and...

Analyzing the Four Primary Modes of Discourse

Understanding the fundamental modes of discourse—Narrative, Description, Argumentation, and Exposition—is crucial for effective communication and writing. Each mode serves a distinct communicative intent, employs specific linguistic features, and follows a unique structural pattern. The table below details the characteristics of these four essential text types.

Thomas Hobbes (17th Century)

In the opinion of many scholars, Thomas Hobbes stands as one of the first great political philosophers of modern times. His cultural antecedents were the Reformation and the Renaissance, movements which, despite their differences, shared a common thread: a yearning to return to origins. The Reformation challenged established religious traditions, while the Renaissance extolled the virtues of classical philosophy. However, these movements also engendered discord, particularly concerning religious authority, leading to widespread conflict. It was an era marked by ambiguity and the absence of clear authority.

Born amidst the tumult of civil war, Hobbes's philosophical outlook was profoundly shaped by this experience....