Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Secondary education

The Dawn of Modernity: A Philosophical Shift

The modern era, beginning in the Renaissance in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and culminating in the Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment, marked a significant departure from traditional thought. Modernity is characterized by the decline of the Christian conception of the world. Modern philosophy developed a series of ideas and concepts that were incompatible with Christian thought. The idea of modernity is fundamentally an idea of progress, whereas Christianity is rooted in the idea of humanity. Enlightenment philosophers believed that history was a march towards the realization of an increasingly rational and infinite life.

Reason: A Cornerstone of Modern Thought

Reason emerged as a key idea...

Suspension and Termination of Employment

1. Explain the suspension and termination of employment.

In certain situations, some or all of the terms of the employment contract shall end, or the contract may be subject to a temporary suspension or interruption.

Length of Service and Contract Suspension

3. What happens to the length of service with respect to the suspension of the employment contract?

The period in which the contract was suspended is not computed. Upon the employee's return to work, where possible, proof of termination of the suspension is required, such as a certificate of discharge.

Sickness Benefits and Contract Interruption

5. If the employee becomes ill and receives sickness benefits, what occurs in the first 15 days?

The contract...

Understanding Argumentative Writing

An argumentative text aims to persuade the reader about a specific idea or point of view, known as the hypothesis. To achieve this, the author deploys a series of reasons—called arguments—to support the hypothesis and convince the receiver that the stated position is true. This approach is used when addressing controversial issues, where multiple opinions are possible.

Key Argumentative Resources

• Analogy: A comparison of situations that allows for better understanding by establishing links between events or objects.
• Exemplification: The author uses specific cases to reinforce the idea they wish to defend.
• Appointment of Authority: Incorporating phrases or opinions from known authors or experts to support the

The fundamental drive in animal life is to perpetuate the species through its members, preserved thanks to ingenious mechanisms. In humans, however, life transcends mere biological perpetuation. As biologists and zoologists study the mechanisms of survival, human life reveals a dimension requiring a symbolic existence.

Mankind yearns for something more difficult and risky: the perpetuation and spread of the unique individual. Saint Augustine said that man represents a new beginning, a model defined by singularities.

For Hegel, the task of life is to "think" – to think about life in order to value actions.

Can We Speak of an Art of Life?

We call "art" a skill practiced in a particular field, whose general principles can be learned. However, its...

Fat

Definitions: Overweight, obese, plump, paunchy, chubby, corpulent, bulky, thick. Also refers to the greasy nature of fat.

Bud

Definitions: Button, shoot, stem, gem. Refers to plant growth or a person known for their beauty.

Profane

Definitions: Indevout, irreligious, freethinker, wicked. Anything that is not sacred.

Pagan

Definitions: Polytheistic, fetishistic, idolatrous, superstitious. Often used to describe non-Christian beliefs.

Layman

Definitions: Lay, secular, profane. Someone who does not belong to the clergy.

Inopportune

Definitions: Inappropriate, unwise, improper, impulsive, inconvenient, inconsistent, ill-timed. Occurring at an inconvenient moment.

Unlikely

Definitions: Unbelievable, inadmissible, unacceptable, unheard of. Lacking any semblance...

Components of Personality

Personality involves the acceptance of several aspects:

• Our bodies
• Our temperament
• Our sexuality
• The environment around us
• The education we receive
• Our character
• Our goals in life

Socialization Process

Socialization is the training and maturation phase through which a child becomes a competent person within society.

Understanding Ethics and Morality

Ethics is the discipline that aims to reflect on the various moral forms human beings can adopt, as well as assessing the validity of each.

Reason as a Moral Criterion

The criteria that should morally guide our conduct are not pleasure-seeking and utility, but respect for what reason dictates.

Kantian Ethics and Duty

Kant argued that what makes an action morally good is that it is an action...

Grammar Essentials

Pronouns: Singular and Plural

Singular vs. Plural:

• 1st Person: I, me / We, us
• 2nd Person: You / You
• 3rd Person: He, she, it, him, her / They, them

Demonstrative Pronouns

This, that, these, those, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

Adverbs

• Place: Here, there, in front, behind.
• Time: Today, yesterday, still, afterwards.
• Manner: Well, wrong.
• Quantity: Very, little.
• Affirmation: Yes, well, sure.
• Negation: No, never.
• Doubt: Maybe, probably.

Prepositions

A, before, under, with, against, from, during, between, to, through, for, according to, on, after.

Literary Forms

Tragedy

Tragedy deals with serious or painful subjects. It produces wonder or compassion in the viewer, and the outcome is unfortunate.

Comedy

Comedy deals with happy, pleasant, or...

Theme 8: Coexistence With Other Citizens

1. Coexistence in the Town

Neighbors share the same space, utilize common facilities, and interact continuously. Among people living together who are not close friends or family, conflicts regarding customs, personalities, and upbringings can easily arise. To make living more pleasant and avoid friction or discomfort, all societies have established rules for conduct.

The word urbanity is derived from the Latin word urbs (city) and refers to the set of behaviors observed to live in society. While rules of etiquette vary by country, they share the same functions:

• Respecting the privacy of others.
• Maintaining hygiene conditions that affect everyone.
• Fostering friendly coexistence.
• Avoiding unpleasant shocks or

Civic and Moral Ethics: Core Principles

Human Responsibility and Autonomy

Human beings are responsible for their freedom and actions. These are the requisites for the starting point of our civic and secular ethics, where the person is an end in itself and not merely an instrument. Their autonomy has, as moral constituent notes, dignity and liberty. Civic ethics is based on human rights, serving as a starting point for agreement on socially shared values for coexistence.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

To establish a discourse on ethics is to understand what happens to us, and thus we must always keep in mind the second formulation of Kant's categorical imperative: "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person

Economic Principles

Every organization must establish clear objectives, primarily focusing on economic profitability. While profit is typically associated with private enterprises, public organizations must also address economic goals. Furthermore, some private organizations prioritize social returns, often operating through the receipt and distribution of donations.

Administrative Principles

Both for-profit and non-profit organizations require structured systems to achieve their objectives. The gold standards for these systems include:

• Efficiency: The relationship between outputs and inputs used.
• Productivity: An indicator of efficiency associated with productive activity, extending to administrative authorities.

Ethical Principles

Ethics, a branch...