Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Secondary education

Civic Awareness

The civic conscience tells us how we should behave as citizens. Elements of civic awareness include:

• Every citizen must know well the great ethical project that humankind has the challenge to achieve: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• Every citizen should be aware of their rights and duties.
• Every citizen should promote positive feelings, be sensitive to the pain of others, and warn when duties have not been complied with.

Types of Responsibility

• Psychological responsibility: We are responsible for those things we do consciously and freely.
• Ethical responsibility: This is the knowledge and fulfillment of one's duties and obligations. Each individual is responsible for fulfilling their duties.

We call a person irresponsible...

Criticisms of Subjectivism and Objectivism

Radical subjectivism would lead us to accept that two contrary judgments about the same thing have the same validity. Against subjectivism, one can argue that every age and every culture has a scale of values shared, to a greater or lesser extent, by all members of society. It does not seem sensible to think that every individual has their own level that differs from that of other citizens.

Regarding objectivism, we can counter that many values have a social basis and are accepted by consensus or collective agreement.

The Perspective of Relativism

Relativism argues that due to the absence of basic and universal agreements about what is important, or what is right and wrong, one cannot talk about absolute...

Literary Style and Symbolic Expression

The style is characterized by two features that give it a strong personality:

The Pursuit of Sobriety

A simple refinement the poet intended for the words to ensure all their expressiveness.

Symbols in Poetry

• Afternoon: The afternoon represents the time spent.
• The Traveler: This is the man who lives, feels, and wonders about the meaning of his existence as he moves along a path that represents his own life.
• Source: It symbolizes the desire to live.
• Spring: Sometimes it appears as a promise of the future; other times, it is a matter of regret to the poet. "I do recall the last time, the time of childhood and youth, and the loss forever."

Prose of the Generation of '98

Key figures include Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja,...

in the 18th century monarchies form of government adopted a so-called enlightened despotism, by which the kings of kings accounted for the maintenance of absolute power with social and cultural improvements to their subjects. Thus the thinkers of the time criticizing the religion and traditions as the consideravan superstitions. In Kant's Prussia was the sovereign federico 2 the Great, who showed great intellectual gifts, government, and was associated with French philosophers, Kant supported the monarch. At this stage and become independent colonies of North America after the American Revolution. In addition to this the French Revolution was a revolt of the common people against the absolute monarchy of Louis 16, during this stage is executed...

Theories of Truth in Philosophy

Throughout history, various attempts have been made to define, explain, and understand what it means for something to be true.

The Pragmatic Theory of Truth

Pragmatism accepts the theory of fitness, but interprets it by taking into consideration the usefulness of statements in solving the problems of life. William James understood adecuación (adequacy) in the sense that it serves a purpose, works in an appropriate manner within a certain context, or is useful for a specific end. Therefore, understanding truth as suitability and adaptation, a statement is true if it is able to solve problems or meet needs. It is, therefore, a dynamic conception of truth, because truth is not a property acquired once and for all,...

Understanding Argumentative Writing

Argumentation is a form of expression that aims to defend or refute an idea or thesis through a series of arguments or reasons to demonstrate its validity.

Parts of an Argument

• Thesis Exposure: States the idea we intend to defend or refute. This should be done simply and accurately.
• Reasoning: These are the arguments or reasons provided to support our point of view.
• Conclusion: Here, we concisely summarize all arguments.

Key Rhetorical Devices & Literary Resources

Phonic Resources

• Alliteration: Occurs when several consecutive words repeat a single sound.
• Anaphora: Consists of repeating one or more words at the beginning of two or more lines or clauses.

Syntactic Resources

• Hyperbaton: This device alters the logical

Aristotle: Happiness and the Role of Prudence

Aristotle posits that happiness is the ultimate goal of human nature—what we all desire. To achieve this, we must frame our desires and aspirations through Prudence. Prudence allows us to choose what best suits our lives, balancing the present with the future. It is not reckless to consider both; rather, it is the application of moral wisdom to specific cases.

The Middle Term and Practical Wisdom

Prudence determines what is appropriate for everyone. To be truly prudent, one must cultivate specific capacities:

• Memory: Recalling the past to improve our present life.
• Instruction: Studying and learning to discern what is right.
• Circumspection: Considering all possibilities and circumstances before making

Jacinto Verdaguer: Atlantis and Canigó

Jacinto Verdaguer was born in 1845 in Folgueroles, a village on the plain of Vic. He was both a priest and was dedicated to the spiritual life as well as the literary one. The life is the creation of a romantic. The temperament of a passionate, idealistic, and rebellious artist led to moments of glory. Verdaguer is the creator of modern Catalan literature, he is the greatest Catalan poet, and he situated Catalan literature at the height of great European literature.

Atlantis

Atlantis is a complex work that blends religious items and paid items. The work gives much prominence to the cataclysms and catastrophes that unleash the elements of nature.

Canigó

Canigó explains the mythical and legendary origin of...

Descartes' Ethics: Actions and Passions

Descartes distinguishes between actions and passions. Actions are the decisions and behaviors that depend on the will. Passions, however, are involuntary, depending on the body and the vital spirits (as described by Galen in medicine). They encompass feelings, emotions, and perceptions that are intrinsically linked to the body.

The Nature of Passions

Being dependent on the body, passions can exaggerate good and evil, making some things appear more desirable or difficult to obtain than they truly are. The soul's passions can exert pressure in opposing directions, sometimes leading towards good, and sometimes pulling one away from it.

Reason's Role in Governing Passions

Reason must govern human life and conduct,...