Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Secondary education

The Plot of Life is a Dream

The plot of Life is a Dream is as follows: when Segismundo, Prince of Poland, was born, a horoscope predicted that he would become a cruel and tyrannical king. To avoid this, King Basilio, his father, ordered him imprisoned in a tower. As the play begins, the King hesitates and decides to put his son to a test: he sends for a drugged Segismundo to be brought to the palace and orders that, upon awakening, he be treated as a prince.

The King's Test and the Tower

If his conduct is prudent and virtuous, the King will appoint him his heir; if, on the contrary, he shows himself to be arrogant and violent, he will be locked back in the tower. His noble guardian, Clotaldo, will then persuade him that everything was merely a...

Editorial: The Newspaper's Voice

The editorial reflects the institutional viewpoint of a newspaper on a current topic. It is unsigned but written by esteemed staff and overseen by the director.

Functions of an Editorial:

• Informative: Explains facts and highlights their importance.
• Interpretative: Analyzes facts, context, causes, and effects.
• Persuasive: Uses rhetoric to influence reader opinion.
• Appellate: Aims to motivate readers to take action.

Themes: Editorials typically address political and economic concerns, less frequently social or cultural issues.

Tone and Style: Editorials adopt a cautious, authoritative, and solemn tone, with clear, concise, and precise writing.

Letters to the Editor: Reader's Perspective

Letters to the editor are reader...

The Nature of Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge of science is rational, systematic, accurate, verifiable, and therefore fallible. It is the systematically ordered body of knowledge about the universe, obtained by observation and reasoning, allowing the deduction of general laws and principles.

The sciences are divided by their object or subject of study into three categories: formal sciences, natural sciences, and humanities.

Formal Sciences

Formal sciences are based on logical reasoning and work with ideas created by the human mind. Their primary method is the logical-deductive method. This category includes mathematics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, and philosophy.

Key Properties of Formal Sciences:

• Ideal Objects: The subjects of

Philosophical Differences: Heraclitus vs. Parmenides

Stance Toward the World

• Heraclitus: The world is in a state of perpetual becoming; it is dynamic, not static.
• Parmenides: The world is static; there is no becoming.

The Nature of Truth

• Heraclitus: As a consequence of constant change, the road to truth reflects this perpetual flux.
• Parmenides: The road to truth is singular and unchanging.

The Stance on Being

• Heraclitus: Being is the essence of things, yet it can both be and not be, as everything is in flux.
• Parmenides: Being is the true essence of things. The existence of being and non-being appears only to the vulgar; in the way of truth, only Being manifests.

The Essence of the World

• Heraclitus: The essence cannot be grasped due to constant change;

Understanding Key Concepts and Their Synonyms

1. Attributes

Fitness, property, power, ability, character

2. Temperance

Moderation, frugality, prudence, sobriety

3. Testimony

Declaration, revelation, assertion

4. Praise

Flattery, apologetics, exaggeration, exaltation

5. Inhibition

Inhibit, restrain, coerce, refrain, stop, withdraw

6. Premise

Hypothesis, proposition, history, idea

7. Peculiarities

Peculiarity, property, uniqueness, ownership

8. Entity

Being, individual, subject, essence, substance, nature

9. Purge

Evacuate, expel, laxar, medicine, atone for, suffer, pay

10. Contribute

Cooperate, collaborate, assist, subsidize, pay

11. Essence

Nature, substance, existence, character, property

12. Incur

To influence, make, earn, win, draw, fall

13. Avidity

Craving, desire,...

Mitosis: from a stem cell we have 2 cel. daughters with the same DNA and chromosomes of the parent cell. phases: prophase (the nucleolus divides the trancripcion between different chromosomes, chromosomes begin to condense and become visible with their 2 chromatids, citoeskeleto microtubules reorganize and build bone mitotic, end the fibrous lamina disintegrates and starts to disappear the nuclear envelope. Metaphase: mebrana disappears nuclear and mitotic hus extending from one pole to another, when a microtubule is polar with the kinetochore, catch it, the microtubules kinetochores put nel chromosomes and the spindle equatorial plane, thus, each chromatid look toward the pole of the cell, chromosomes aligned e nel form the equatorial plane

What is an Insurance Policy

It's a contract of agreement between the insurer and the policy holder. It contains the terms and conditions.

The insurer agrees to cover the losses, if they occur, in return for premium payments.

Principles

• Principle of Insurable Interest: You can't insure anything that is not in your name. You can only insure something that, if something bad happens to it, you incur losses.
• Principle of Indemnity: The insurer will only return you the current value of the loss, they will pay you the current value of the object right before the incident, not the original price.
• Principle of Subrogation: Your insurance company pays the money and then they ask for the money from the company that has to pay.
• Principle of Contribution: When

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of the fundamental nature of reality, including the first principles of things, such as being, knowing, identity, time, and space. It also examines the causes of our knowledge, universal principles, and spiritual beings.

According to Professor Lash, this definition sparks some philosophical discussion because it raises the question: "Is metaphysics truly a science?" Science typically deals with what can be measured and observed, while metaphysics often delves into the intangible and spiritual. Every individual engages in metaphysics through their actions and thoughts, with the clarity of their reasoning reflecting their level of progress.

The Role of Belief

The sensitive...

U11: Count on

to be confident that you can depend on someone. Fall out: to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them. Finish with: to end a romantic relationship with someone. go off: to stop linking or being interested in someone or something. Hit it off: people hit it off, they like each other and become friendly immediately. let down: to disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do. look down on: to think that you are better than someone. look up to: to admire and respect someone. stick together: people stick together, they support and help each other. take after: to be similar to an older member of you family in appearance or character. Compound adjectives: Badly behaved: behaving in a way that...

1)Which is the key concept of Socratic ethics?

His ethics around truth and good, the notion of good is a political category, not merely on individual one. This means that the good is what suits the polis or city, not this or that particular citizen. However, Socrates is aware of the need to limit this concept in a context in which the disparity of interests and expections leads to contradictory views about it. This is the meaning of the pedagogical work that will develop throughout his life and culminate with his sacrifice in favour of the laws of Athens. (His death sentence)

1. Which is the difference between selfish good and political good?
2. The knowledge of good precedes it’s application in the practical and political sphere: once the good is