Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Other courses

Platonic Dualism: The Platonic Ideas and Reality: The Platonic conception of reality is dualistic. Together with the tangible world of physical objects, which are variable, imperfect, and based on the appearances we know through the senses, there exists another world of universal realities that are permanent and perfect. These are the ideas that we know in the rational real world. A soul, which is beyond the physical world, Plato called the world of Ideas. The ideas are objective, real, and not mere concepts.

• The ideas have a separate existence from sensible things.
• The ideas are the perfect models of the physical world objects.
• The ideas hold the real being of things and their essence.

The world of Ideas is not a messy conglomerate of ideas;...

Principles of Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is a form of social hedonism, as it posits that humans possess social feelings as a source of pleasure. Among these is sympathy, which leads us to extend our desire for the goal of moral happiness to others. The primary objective is to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of living beings; this principle of morality serves as a criterion for making rational decisions.

Bentham and the Arithmetic of Pleasures

The classic utilitarians are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Bentham discusses an arithmetic of pleasures that rests on two main principles:

• All pleasures are equal in quality based on criteria of intensity, duration, proximity, and safety; they can be calculated based on the

Limitations of Ancient Citizenship

Note three primary limitations of the models of citizenship born in Greece and Rome:

• This was an exclusive citizenship where only adult male citizens who met requirements established by law were included; women, children, and foreigners were always excluded.
• Only those considered free and equal members of the political community held the status of citizens, rather than all human beings by virtue of their existence.
• While political participation was a granted right, individual rights were not protected against possible abuses by the authorities.

The Double Root of Modern Citizenship

Citizenship in antiquity presents two distinct traditions: the Greek tradition of political participation through deliberation and the...

Scientific Classifications and Research Methods

Types of science and methods used to develop induction allow the materials chosen for the sensory experience, using concepts and categories previously constructed intersubjectively (theoretical framework) to build an empirical reality. The propositions that refer to ideal objects whose conclusions are derived as a matter of necessity (deduction) from axioms and theorems are formal sciences. The natural sciences deal with phenomena of nature, while the social sciences focus on proposals regarding social interaction and human behavior. There are two primary types of methods: the hypothetico-deductive and the hermeneutic.

The Hypothetico-Deductive Method

The hypothetico-deductive method combines sensory...

NOTIONS
If we are to speak accurately and not get carried away by similarities, we all believe we know things can not be otherwise, because things can be otherwise, when they are out of our observation, we miss whether or no.
Accordingly, WHAT IS THE SUBJECT OF SCIENCE IS NEEDED. Then it is eternal, and that everything is absolutely necessary is eternal and eternity is innate and indestructible.

In addition ALL SEEMS TO BE SCIENCE TEACHING, and every object of knowledge, capable of being learned. And all the lessons are based on what is already known about induction and sometimes by syllogism.

Aristotle defends science as the study of all that is required can not be otherwise, since it has universal cause and it is therefore meet all the...

Criterios Fundamentales de la Ética

Evidencia Subjetiva

Es el criterio fundamental donde el sujeto puede apreciar cómo los contenidos de una teoría pueden resultar éticos. La evidencia subjetiva es, por tanto, un elemento esencial.

Clarificación Interna de la Evidencia

Es necesario recordar la distinción entre valores sentidos y valores pensados, como fundamento de la libertad.

Aceptación General

Un estándar ético no solo resultaría bien fundamentado si todo el mundo lo aceptara, sino que esto garantizaría su legitimidad. La argumentación aumenta las evidencias éticas mediante:

• La experiencia moral humana: Criterio defendido por Jacques, sirve para comprobar los modelos puestos en estudio.
• Los argumentos del observador imparcial: Permiten

The Historical Context of Friedrich Nietzsche

The Agitated Nineteenth Century

The nineteenth century was an extremely agitated era. Often known as the century of revolutions, this unrest originated at the end of the previous century, when the French Revolution of 1789 dismantled the old regime and triggered profound economic and social changes throughout Europe.

The Rise of Positivism

In the second half of the century, a philosophical and scientific current known as positivism came to dominate Europe. Created by Auguste Comte and developed by John Stuart Mill, this movement had clear precedents in English empiricism, Kantian phenomenalism, and the Enlightenment's idea of progress.

Essential Features of Positivism

• Scientific Supremacy: Admiration

Strict Liability in International Law

Strict liability: The state that creates a risk because an activity is considered dangerous is responsible for the damage it causes even if such activity does not constitute a wrongful act at the international level.

International responsibility does not arise from an internationally wrongful act in this context but from an event, activity, or action that is otherwise lawful. The principle of strict liability applies in particular for damage caused by hazardous activities such as:

• the handling of nuclear reactors,
• radioactive waste disposal,
• space activities.

All these events and activities can be fully legitimate, but their operation may result in accidents that could lead to claims for international responsibility...

The Parker Ladder: Measuring Preventive Health

The Parker Ladder is used to measure the preventive health of a company through five distinct levels:

• Pathological level: At this level are those organizations that consider job security as something negligible or a burden.
• Reactive level: These are organizations that react only when an accident occurs, trying to mitigate its effects once it has occurred.
• Calculative level: These are organizations that have a management system to achieve a certain level of security, but do not anticipate the risk.
• Proactive level: Understanding the dynamics of your sector allows you to anticipate and adapt to changes and trends, keeping you competitive in the job market.
• Generative level: These are organizations considered

Opció A — Torcuato Luca de Tena: The Crooked Lines of God

1.1 Perception of art as human distinction

It assesses the perception of art as something that distinguishes the human species beyond basic necessities.

1.2 Multiple choice items

• a) Food: food. Shelter: shelter.
• b) Pleasure, pain, suffering. Builds, destroys, demolishes.
• c) Animal.
• d) Man is the only animal that ... stumbles twice on the same stone.

1.3 Short answers

1. a) It gives flavor and taste (food) using seasonings: salt, oil, pepper ... / Alina (food).
2. b) Balance between its parts.
3. c) Made by top designers: fashion or prestige.
4. d) Essentials for survival.

1.4 Correct answer

The correct answer is c).

1.5 Correct answer

The correct answer is b).

3.1 Morphosyntactic analysis

• a) Stop. The subject