Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Other courses

Autonomy and Heteronomy

A conscience is autonomous when it proposes the rules that should govern its actions, having decided them through reflection and without external coercion. By moral autonomy, we mean those laws we set for ourselves because we believe they are good for everyone.

A heteronomous conscience is guided by:

• Tradition
• Authority
• The influence of others (the majority)

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Psychologists like Lawrence Kohlberg have interpreted moral conscience as the ability to make judgments about what is right and what is unjust. He distinguishes three levels:

1. Preconventional Level

The person understands standards only by meeting their own interests and respecting rules to avoid the consequences of violating...

Handling Anchors in Negotiation

1. When someone throws out an anchor in a negotiation, what should be your first reaction?

Response: Recognize it, ask why they are asking for that amount to gather information, and then respond respectfully with a counter-offer.

Neutralizing Dirty Tactics

2. Fully describe three effective ways to neutralize a tricky (dirty) tactic in a negotiation.

• Recognize the tactic: Identify what is happening without reacting emotionally.
• Do not counter-attack: Instead, redirect the focus back to the problem.
• Set boundaries: State clearly that the tactic will not work for you, use silence, and be prepared to mention your BATNA.

Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Modes

3. Draw and label the axis and the five negotiation strategies as per the

Kant: The State and the Social Contract

For Kant, a state is a community of human beings over whom no one is entitled to command. Its formation is due to the original contract established between individuals.

His theory of "unsocial sociability" suggests that humans are related to one another by a kind of natural sociability but tend to oppose each other. Society must be a space in which pluralistic freedoms coexist peacefully and cooperate. This is achieved through law, which operates according to universal principles of reason governing cohabitation. The state of reason replaces the Machiavellian state.

• The state must comply with the law.
• A person is only subject to the law that obliges reciprocally.

This is how Kant establishes equality and sovereignty...

Conception of Man in St. Thomas's Thought

IV. Conception of Man

1. The Structure of Created Reality

The contingency of all being, the finite radical destitution of all finite beings, requires a being that is the foundation of self and all reality: God. All creatures have a metaphysical composition of essence and existence contrasted with the single necessary and infinite God, who is the cause of their existence. From God, St. Thomas offers us a vision of reality created in a hierarchical fashion. To refer to the creatures he uses Aristotelian concepts: action and power, substance and accident, matter and form, adding the distinction essence/existence. The hierarchy of beings is given by their degree of simplicity and their greater proximity to...

Political Philosophy and Ethics

John Locke: Social Status and the State

Locke's concept of the state of nature and its perfection. Man is entitled to impose the law of nature (punishments). Civil society is created if a group of men agrees on rights. They transferred their political power, requiring an objective liberal consensus. The State of all individuals endorses rights and separated powers.

The Early Modern State

Originated in Europe in the late Middle Ages. Main transformations included:

• The expansive intent of ancient kingdoms.
• The appearance of new social groups.
• The loss of influence of religious power in politics.
• The creation of new assemblies.

Risks of Media Democracy

Media democracy could pose several problems:

• The politician can fall into

Phase of Construction and Conduct

Implementation Phase Introduction

For the client who commissions the work, it is an investment from which they expect to get a return. For the contractor, the commission is performed by optimizing quality, cost, and time.

Stages of the Implementation Phase

The Site Visit

A regular, institutional, and agreed-upon meeting attended by legal representatives of the technical department, the client, and the builder to keep track of work, approve well-done tasks, propose new tasks, find new solutions to problems, and address all types of incidents.

Issues to be Addressed

• Work status: Check what has been done since the previous visit.
• Events: Accidents, rain, wind, or theft.
• Defects and Corrections: Two types of defects—those

The 48 Laws of Power

1. Never outshine the master.
2. Never put too much trust in friends; learn how to use enemies.
3. Conceal your intentions.
4. Always say less than necessary.
5. Create a sense of urgency: The death-ground strategy.
6. Court attention at all costs.
7. Get others to do the work for you, but always take the credit.
8. Make other people come to you; use bait if necessary.
9. Win through your actions, never through argument.
10. Infection: Avoid the unhappy and unlucky.
11. Learn to keep people dependent on you.
12. Use selective honesty and generosity to disarm your victim.
13. When asking for help, appeal to people's self-interests, never to their mercy or gratitude.
14. Pose as a friend, work as a spy.
15. Crush your enemy totally.
16. Use absence to increase respect and honor.
17. Keep others in

15 Core Psychological Needs and Behavioral Tendencies

This list outlines fundamental human drives that influence motivation, personality, and interaction:

1. Achievement (Ach)

   The desire or tendency to accomplish tasks quickly and efficiently. A strong drive to excel, rival, or surpass others. This represents ambition expressed through action.

2. Deference (Def)

   A desire or tendency to follow or cooperate with a higher authority or purpose. This includes praising, accepting suggestions from others, being anxious to please, and quickly expressing agreement to cooperate or comply.

3. Order (Ord)

   Focuses on cleanliness and care of one's body and attire, meticulous grooming of possessions, and systematic planning.

4. Exhibition (Exh)

   The tendency to make an impression,