Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other foreign languages for Baccalaureate

(PS) [SUJETO] + [VERBO] (en infinitivo sin to) A la tercera persona se le añade s. Para los verbos acabados en "-o","-sh", "-ch" , "-ss", "-x" , "-z", "-y" se añade "-es" en lugar de "-spara la 3ª persona del singular".Rutinas, Situaciones permanentes, Leyes naturales o físicas

(PC) [SUJETO]+ am/are/is (verbo to be) + [ VERBO CON -ING Se sustituye la "-e"final por "-ing"] Acciones que se están haciendo en el mismo momento que se habla situaciones cíclicas en un periodo de tiempo definido

(PAC)El pasado continuose utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento específico en el pasado, verbo auxiliar “to be” y el gerundio (infinitivo + “-ing”)I was talking

(PAS)pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado, usamos el...

Adjectives and Corresponding Nouns

• Aggressive → Aggression
• Assertive → Assertiveness
• Confident → Confidence
• Defensive → Defensiveness
• Frustrated → Frustration
• Impatient → Impatience
• Innocent → Innocence
• Nervous → Nervousness
• Open → Openness
• Self-conscious → Self-consciousness
• Sensitive → Sensitivity
• Shy → Shyness

Modal Verbs for Ability and Requests

Requests

Structure: Can/Could + Infinitive + ?

Example: Can/Could you help me find my phone?

(Spanish translation: ¿Puedes o podrías ayudarme a encontrar mi teléfono?)

Present Ability

Structure: Can/Can't + Infinitive OR Be able to + Infinitive

Example: I can/am able to play the piano, but I can't/am not able to play the violin.

(Spanish translation: Puedo/puedo tocar el piano, pero no puedo/

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

Understanding Punctuation Marks

• Colon (:): Used before explanations, lists, or direct speech.
• Comma (,):
  • To separate items in a list.
  • To set off parenthetical expressions or words/phrases placed in unusual positions. For example: "My father, however, did not agree."
  • To separate a subordinate clause from the main clause when the subordinate clause comes first.
• Dash (-): Can be used in a similar way to colons, semicolons, or brackets. It can also introduce something unexpected or surprising.
• Full Stop (.): Used to mark the end of a sentence or a complete idea.
• Quotation Marks ("): Used to enclose direct speech or titles of short works.
• Semicolon (;): Used instead of a full stop in cases where sentences are grammatically

Study Guide Questions

1. What is the name of the novel we have been studying in class?

The name of the novel we are studying is The Catcher in the Rye

2. Where does D.B live?

Hollywood

3. What is D.B's job?

D.B's job is a screenwriter in Hollywood

4. What is Pencey Prep?

Pencey Prep is a boarding school where Holden was; there were stupid phony people

5. What does Holden think about D.B's job?

Holden thinks that D.B's job is a prostitute because he sells his scripts

6. Why was all the fencing team upset?

They were upset because Holden left the equipment in the subway

7. Who is Old Spencer?

Old Spencer was Holden's teacher

8. Why did Old Spencer want to see Holden before Christmas break?

He wanted to say goodbye

9. Why wasn't Holden going back to school in January?...

It dawned on me: I realized

I’ve lost count of: I can’t remember       Innovation: new idea    Incubation: development

Hunch: an idea based on feelings     Adjacent: next to    Without exception: In every case

In solitude: alone

I can’t come up with        I haven’t the faintest idea

I’m drawing a blank          It’s dawning on me

It occurs to me that          I’m coming to the realization that

I’m stuck for ideas             It strikes me that

Much to dismay of: causing quite a lot of upset for     Chuck: throw     Congregate: gather together

Become: self-perpetuating: makes itself worse     Stay put: remain in one

Got to the bottom of       Overcome obstacles

Solve the dilemma       ...

Key Events and Themes in 'The Outsiders'

1. Dally raises his weapon, leading the police to perceive a threat and fatally shoot him.

2. Dally wanted to die because Johnny was dead, and he couldn’t live without him.

3. Ponyboy was bothered by his school friends seeing his house because most of them came from "good homes."

4. He was worried that he and Soda would go to an all-boys home.

5. Ponyboy is acquitted, and the Curtis brothers get to stay together.

6. By the end of the novel, after the deaths of Bob and Johnny, Ponyboy has completely lost his innocence; his grades drop, and his attitude changes.

7. His grades suffer because he became detached, developed a bad attitude, and became depressed.

8. Pony can raise his grade to a C by writing an outstanding...

Essential English Vocabulary

• Made improvements to: Hacer mejoras en
• Influencing: Influir en
• Make advances in: Hacer avances en
• Turning point: Punto de inflexión
• Transform life: Transformar
• Inspired: Inspirado
• Overcame these difficulties: Superó estas dificultades
• Remarkable achievement: Logro notable
• Seeking ways to improve: Buscar maneras de mejorar
• Considerable: Considerable, importante
• Dramatic: Dramático, radical
• Far-reaching: De largo alcance, trascendental
• Refreshing: Renovador, refrescante
• Subtle: Sutil
• Unexpected: Inesperado
• Looks back on: Recordar (el pasado)
• Stand up for: Defender (una causa, creencia)
• Get through: Superar (una dificultad)
• Miss out on: Perderse (una oportunidad, experiencia)
• Keep up with: Mantenerse al día con
• Get down with: (Coloquial)

Financial Vocabulary

Nouns

• Budget: Presupuesto
• Note: Billete
• Queue: Fila/cola
• Cash: Dinero en efectivo
• Odd jobs: Trabajillos
• Salary: Salario
• Discount: Descuento
• Pocket money: Paga
• Saving account: Cuenta de ahorro
• Expenses: Gastos
• Profit: Beneficio
• Stuff: Material/cosa
• Fee: Cuota/tasa

Verbs

• Afford: Permitirse
• Lend: Prestar
• Rent: Alquilar
• Borrow: Tomar prestado
• Owe: Deber
• Request: Solicitar
• Charge: Cobrar
• Purchase: Adquirir
• Suit: Sentar bien a

Expressions

• A shopping spree: Compra compulsiva
• Make the best of something: Hacer lo mejor de algo
• Be worth (it): Valer la pena
• On the house: En la casa (meaning complimentary)
• Cost an arm and a leg: Cuesta muy caro
• Pay someone back: Pagar algo a cambio
• Foot the bill: Pagar la cuenta
• Shop around: Comprando por ahí (comparing prices)
• Go

Driving Vocabulary: Road & Car Terms

• A One-Way Street: calle de un solo sentido
• Lane: carril
• Motorway/Highway/Freeway: autopista
• Rage: rabia
• Honk/Sound Your Horn: tocar el claxon
• Pledge: compromiso, garantía
• Crossroads/Junction: cruce
• Overtake: adelantar
• Roundabout: rotonda
• Fatal: mortal
• Motorist: conductor
• Rush Hour: hora punta
• A Flat Tyre: neumático pinchado
• Delay: retrasar
• Tough: duro
• Stuck: atascado / Traffic Jam: atasco
• Oncoming: en dirección opuesta
• Seatbelt: cinturón de seguridad
• Inattentive: distraído
• Boot/Trunk: maletero
• Bonnet/Hood: capó
• Lorry/Truck: camión
• Car Park/Parking Lot: aparcamiento
• Petrol/Gas: gasolina
• Complaint: queja
• A Dead End: callejón sin salida
• A Head-on Collision: choque frontal
• Claims Lives: cobrarse la vida de
• Slow Motion: a cámara

Essential English Vocabulary and Phrases

• Whirlwind → Acelerado
• Candid → Sincero / Franco
• Dismissal → Despido
• Blindside → Tomar por sorpresa
• Stint → Período / etapa corta de trabajo
• Reinstatement → Reincorporación / restitución
• Circumvent → Evitar / eludir
• Pending → Pendiente de
• Tech-free environment → Entorno sin tecnología
• Digital native → Nativo digital
• Digital tools → Herramientas digitales
• Digital literacy → Alfabetización digital
• Digital divide → Brecha digital
• Attention span → Capacidad de atención
• Tech neck → Dolor cervical por usar el móvil
• Social media → Redes sociales
• Your account → Tu cuenta
• Your profile → Tu perfil
• Your post → Tu publicación
• A post → Una publicación
• Someone → Alguien
• An account → Una