Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other foreign languages for Baccalaureate

Essential English Connectors and Their Meanings

Here's a list of common English connectors with their Spanish translations:

• First of all - En primer lugar
• In my opinion - En mi opinión
• Personally - Personalmente
• As far as I am concerned - Por lo que a mí respecta
• From my point of view - Bajo mi punto de vista
• To begin with - Para empezar
• Firstly - Primeramente
• Secondly - En segundo lugar
• That's why - Esto es por lo que
• Therefore - Por lo tanto
• As a result of - Como resultado
• Consequently - En consecuencia
• As - Como
• So - Así que
• Whereas - Mientras que
• So...that... - Tan...que...
• Such a...that... - Tan...que...
• On the one hand - Por una parte
• However/Nevertheless - Sin embargo
• Anyhow - De todas formas
• Anyway - De cualquier manera
• In spite of/Despite - A pesar de
• On

English Grammar: Verb Tenses

Present Simple

• Used for actions that happen regularly (but are not happening at this moment).
• Examples: schedules, calendars

Present Continuous

• Used for actions happening now.
• Examples: fixed and sure plans, orders

Past Simple

• Used for actions that were completed in the past.
• Regular verbs: Verb + -ed
• Irregular verbs: second column of the irregular verb list
• Negative: didn't + subject + verb
• Interrogative: did + subject + verb

Past Continuous

• Used for actions that lasted for a long time in the past (often with specific times or dates).
• Affirmative: subject + was/were + verb + -ing
• Negative: subject + wasn't/weren't + verb + -ing
• Interrogative: was/were + subject + verb + -ing

Past Perfect Simple

• Used for an action that happened before

English Vocabulary & Grammar Notes

Vocabulary List (English - Basque)

• Affluent: dirudun
• Amount: kopuru
• Ban: debekatu
• Belly: tripa
• Break down: negar egin, matxuratu
• Break up: zatikatu
• Bring up: hezi
• Burglar: lapurra
• Cut down: murriztu
• Debris: hondakinak
• Device: gailua
• Devote: eskaini
• Facilities: instalazioak
• Flee: ihes egin
• Fleet: flota
• Fool: engainatu
• Harmful: kaltegarri
• Ingest: irentsi
• Inhabit: bizi izan
• Lack: falta izan, gabezia
• Launch: jaurti
• Lean on: gainean jarri
• Logging: baso-ustiapena
• Making their way: aurrera egin
• Make waves: arazoak sortu
• Nightmare: ametsgaiztoa
• Remind of: gogorarazi
• Turn out: suertatu
• Making a mountain out of a molehill: (Idiom)
• Tip of the iceberg: (Idiom)
• Warehouse: biltegia
• Vanished into thin air: desagertu
• Raise the issue: gaia atera

Modal Verbs

English Conditionals

• 0 Conditional: If + Present Simple + Present Simple
• 1st Conditional: If + Present Simple + will + infinitive
• 2nd Conditional: If + Past Simple + would + infinitive
• 3rd Conditional: If + Past Perfect + would have + past participle

Mixed Conditionals

• 3rd + 2nd Conditional: If + Past Perfect + would + base verb
• 2nd + 3rd Conditional: If + Past Simple + would have + past participle

If Only / I Wish

• 1. If only / I wish + Past Simple: Used for desires regarding the present or future.
• 2. If only / I wish + would + infinitive: Used when you want a near-future situation to change (often expresses annoyance).
• 3. If only / I wish + Past Perfect: Used to express regret or past wishes.

Alternatives to "If"

• Whether: si
• In case: en caso de
• As long as:

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo botan cuando terminan de usarlo 🐢

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo botan cuando terminan de usarlo 🐢

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo

English Verb Tenses: Structure and Usage

Present Simple Tense

• Affirmative: I/You walk to school.
• Negative: I/You don't walk to school.
• Interrogative: Do I/You walk to school?
• Note: Remember the 3rd person singular 's' (He walks).

Present Continuous Tense

• Example: I'm reading a magazine. I'm not reading a magazine. Am I reading a magazine?
• Usage: Acciones que ocurren en el momento.

Present Perfect Simple Tense

• Example: I have gone shopping. I haven't gone shopping. Have I gone shopping?
• Usage: Acción empezada en el pasado que sigue siendo relevante en el presente, o noticias recientes.

Past Simple Tense

• Example: I/You wrote a novel. I/You didn't write a novel. Did I/You write a novel?
• Usage:
  • Acción completada en el pasado.
  • Acción que ocurrió mientras se

Essay Structure and Useful Phrases

Introduction

Nowadays, in our society...

Development

1. Examples
2. Data: As recent surveys show...
3. Advantages and Disadvantages:
   • On the one hand, on the positive side...
   • On the other hand, on the negative side...

   I can show some advantages such as: / But also there are some disadvantages such as:

Connectors:

• And (y): In addition (además), Besides (además de), Apart from.
• Also (también): Too (demasiado, también - at the end), as well as (así como).
• But (pero): However (sin embargo).
• Because (porque): Due to (debido a) + noun.

Conclusion

To conclude (para concluir). In conclusion (en conclusión). According to what was said before (de acuerdo con lo dicho anteriormente).

Personal Opinion

As far as (en cuanto a) I'm concerned...

English Verb Tenses: Active and Passive Voice

Common English Phrasal Verbs

• Come across: Descubrir (Discover)
• Bring up: Mencionar / Educar (Mention / Raise)
• Come along: Acompañar a alguien (Accompany someone)

Fundamentals of Logic and Reasoning

What is Logic?

Logic is the philosophical discipline that studies the correctness or validity of our reasoning.

The Role of Language in Argumentation

By means of language, we perform various actions: begging someone to lend us money, asking for directions, describing our home, or even, if you have sufficient authority, issuing a command like throwing someone in jail.

Structure of Reasoning, Arguments, and Inferences

A valid argument or inference consists of two main components:

1. Premises: A set of statements expressing the input data or evidence.
2. Conclusion: The final statement expressing new information obtained directly from the premises.

Example of Deductive Reasoning

• Premise 1: The cheese thief is a cat or a mouse.

About to (+ verb)

A punto de (+ a verb)

According to (PREP)

Según lo que dice (referencing a source)

Actually (S)

Realmente, de hecho, por cierto

After all (BOTH)

Al fin y al cabo - (like “the bottom line”)

All in all (S)

En resumen / tomando todo en cuenta

All over (PREP)

Por todo (mundo, país), en todo

On the Contrary (S)

Todo lo contrario

Although (S)

Aunque

Anyway (S)

En todo caso, de todas maneras, de todas formas

As (BOTH)

Como, mientras, Dado que

As far as (S)

Hasta lo que ---- this expression is essentially just used with AS FAR AS I KNOW and AS FAR AS I’M CONCERNED

As for (PREP)

Referente a, en relación a, con respecto a

As a matter of fact (S)

De hecho, en realidad

As to (PREP)

Referente a, respecto a

As well (AT THE END)

También (use only at the end