Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other foreign languages for Baccalaureate

La narrativa catalana dels anys 70 fins a l'actualitat

Els novel·listes que es van donar a conèixer al començament dels anys setanta compartien la consciència general de la crisi dels models novel·lístics, cosa que els va fer decantar per l'experimentalisme narratiu. Moltes de les novel·les d'aquesta generació tenen un caràcter de crònica generacional i se centren en el tema de la fugida com a reacció contra la situació claustrofòbica que es vivia en l'entorn familiar i en l'entorn sociopolític de la dictadura franquista.

Des de la primeria dels vuitanta, la novel·la de gènere —la policíaca, l'eròtica, la de ciència-ficció i la històrica— ha estat molt practicada pels escriptors, que l'han considerada un mitjà per a...

Common English Suffixes in Professions

Verb + -er/-or

• Many professions are formed by adding -er or -or to a verb. Examples: editor, farmer.

Noun + -ist

• Professions in medicine and science often use the suffix -ist. Example: neurologist.
• Musicians also commonly use this suffix. Example: violinist.

Noun + -ian

• Professions ending in -c or -cs often take the suffix -ian. Example: politician.

Suffixes in Beliefs, Movements, and Ideologies

Useful Vocabulary for Career and Achievement

• Achieve: Conseguir
• Achievement: Logro
• Challenging: Estimulante
• Fail: Suspender
• Fulfill: Alcanzar
• Goal: Objetivo
• Motivated: Motivado
• Overcome: Superar
• Pass: Aprobar
• Put pressure on: Presionar
• Satisfying:

La poesia modernista a Catalunya

Al final del segle XIX apareixen uns poetes que abandonen les limitacions que imposava la triple temàtica dels Jocs Florals: «fe, pàtria i amor». Les diverses influències provinents d'Europa es concreten a Catalunya en dos corrents principals:

• Corrent decadentista o esteticista: es caracteritza pel rigor formal i el conreu d'uns temes artificiosos i culturitzants.
• Corrent vitalista: el vitalisme s'oposa a l'esteticisme i a l'excessiu idealisme i abstracció del simbolisme a través del seu esperit combatiu i del compromís social. El poeta té la missió de despertar el poble; és un visionari antiretòric i humanista. La poesia ha d'alliberar el sentiment personal i deixar-se dur per la intuïció i els valors

Active and Passive Voice Tense Transformations

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Examples:

• Present Simple: Active: They love | Passive: They are loved
• Present Continuous: Active: They are loving | Passive: They are being loved
• Past Simple: Active: They loved | Passive: They were loved
• Past Continuous: Active: They were loving | Passive: They were being loved
• Present Perfect: Active: They have loved | Passive: They have been loved
• Past Perfect: Active: They had loved | Passive: They had been loved
• Future (Will): Active: They will love | Passive: They will be loved
• Future (Going To): Active: They are going to love | Passive: They are going to be loved

Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tenses

Future Continuous Structure

Formula: WILL + BE + V-ING

Example:...

Past Simple

The past simple is formed by using the second column of irregular verbs or by adding -ed to regular verbs.

Use when with the past simple.

Past Continuous

The past continuous is formed with was/were + verb + -ing.

Use as or while with the past continuous.

Past Perfect

The past perfect is formed with had + past participle.

When used with the past simple and past perfect, it always goes before the past simple.

The Future

Will-Future

Will + infinitive is used for:

• Predictions
• Promises
• Spontaneous decisions
• Probability
• First conditional

Going to-Future

Going to + infinitive is used for:

• Future plans
• Intentions
• Predictions based on present evidence (e.g., "It's going to rain because there are clouds.")

Present Continuous

Am/is/are + -ing is used for plans.

Future

Essential Phrases for Professional Communication

Money Idioms

• made a fortune
• tighten your belt
• hard up
• cost an arm and a leg
• break the bank
• make a killing
• money to burn
• bread and butter
• pour money down the drain
• bring home the bacon
• live from hand to mouth
• from rags to riches
• keep the wolf from the door

Phrasal Verbs

• pay off
• rip off
• run up
• pay back
• splash out
• put aside
• put down

Get

• get it
• get around to
• get into
• get out of
• get something out of
• get over
• get past
• get back to (someone)
• get together
• get acquainted with
• get to the point
• get ready
• get away (with)

Space

• asteroid
• orbit
• comet
• planets
• constellation
• rings
• crater
• solar system
• eclipse
• star
• galaxy
• sun
• meteor
• meteorite
• Milky Way
• moon
• telescope
• astronaut
• spacecraft
• rocket
• space probe
• lunar module
• UFO

Conditionals

• 0 conditional: siempre sucede 'pres.s+pres.s'
• 1 conditional: posible situación en el futuro

Unit 8

Determiners and Pronouns

• In one respect, the older games and the modern games are similar, but they are very different in another.
• Many modern games engage the player both emotionally and intellectually.
• It's no longer black and white - but every shade of grey.
• Parents and teachers both seem to overlook something important about the gaming industry.
• All
• Some
• Much
• No
• Each
• Very few
• Most
• Several
• Very little
• A lot of
• No
• None
• An awful lot (una cantidad muy grande)
• Precious little
• Second to none (Insuperable, el mejor)
• Good few (e.g., "unas buenas x horas")
• Make the most of (Aprovechar)
• Either way (De todos modos)
• All too often (Muy seguido)
• One by one (Uno x uno)
• Each and every one (Cada uno)

Vocabulary: Amount

• Small discount
• Extra charge
• Full refund
• Great deal
• High cost
• Large

Essential English and Catalan Phrases

Household and Daily Life

• Do something out of love (without getting anything in return): Hacer alguna cosa por amor al arte
• Chores: Tasques
• Household chores/jobs: Tasques domèstiques
• How kind: Qué adorable (mono)
• Businesslike manner: Hombre de negocios (hacer negocios)
• It's worth it: Vale la pena
• It's worth five pounds: Vale 5 libras
• Grumpily: Mal humor
• Accuse somebody of doing something: Acusar algú d'alguna cosa
• Windscreen: Parabrisas
• Traffic lights: Semáforo
• At least: Al menos
• Save money: Estalviar diners

Family and Relationships

• Family values: Valores de la familia
• A single working mum: Madre trabajadora soltera
• Do the washing: Lavar la ropa
• Do the washing-up: Lavar los platos
• Big age gap: Diferencia d'edad
• Babysitting:

Unit 8: Modal Verbs

Modals of Ability

• Can, Could, Be Able To - Express ability

Modals of Permission

• Can, Be Allowed To, Could - Express permission

Modals of Advice

• Should, Ought To - Give advice and make recommendations
• Had Better - Give advice, express intentions, and make warnings

Modals of Necessity, Obligation, and Prohibition

• Must - Express obligation
• Mustn't - Express prohibition
• Have To - Express obligation
• Don't Have To - Express no obligation
• Needn't - Express no obligation

Modals of Possibility and Certainty

• May/May Not/Might/Might Not/Could - Express possibility (present and future)
• Can't - Express that something seems impossible
• Must - Express certainty that something is true

Modals + Perfect Infinitive

• Might/May/Could + Have + Past Participle - Express