Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Essential English Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs

Look back on

Recordar

Look down on

Menospreciar

Stand up for

Defender

Go through

Pasar por

Miss out on

Perderse algo

Keep up with

Mantener el ritmo

Come up against

Enfrentarse a algo

Get on with

Ponerse a ello

To keep a close watch on

Vigilar de cerca

It turns out that

Resulta que

A common sight

Muy habitual

On a leash

Con correa

To make way for

Hacer espacio

Be scrap

Sobrar

To fight for scraps

Luchar por las sobras

To perch on

Posarse en

Turning point

Un cambio decisivo

To seek ways to improve

Buscar maneras para mejorar

To overcome

Superar

To achieve

Alcanzar

Adjectives for Describing Change and Quality

• Remarkable: Notable
• Dramatic: Importante
• Far-reaching: De gran alcance
• Refreshing: Fresco
• Subtle: Sutil
• Appealing: Atractivo
• Affordable: Económico
• Effortless:

Common Medical Conditions

Asthma

Children with asthma cough and wheeze when they breathe out. They become very short of breath when an attack occurs.

A Cold

Sometimes a child has a cough and a fever with a cold. A bad cough can make a child vomit.

Croup

Children under three years old sometimes experience croup. They have a sore throat and they wheeze when they breathe in. When they cough, it often sounds like a dog barking.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia symptoms include a temperature over 102ºF (39ºC), rapid breathing, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, and occasionally coughing up blood.

Essential Medical Terminology

• Central Nervous System
• Coma
• Abnormalities
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Blood Pressure
• Dangerous Conditions
• Gastrointestinal System
• Intestines
• Abdominal

Tongue

Introduction to Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of health and disease within a population. It involves the application of this study to control health problems effectively.

Pioneers of Modern Epidemiology

• Edward Jenner: Known for his work on Smallpox (which was eradicated along with rinderpest). He prevented variolation by observing milkmaids and their immunity through cowpox.
• James Lind: Studied Scurvy by conducting trials with two groups, utilizing citrus fruits as a treatment.
• Sir Percival Pott: Identified cancer as an occupational carcinogen after observing skin sores on men working as chimney sweeps.
• John Snow: Famous for his work on the epidemiology of cholera. He debunked the Miasma theory

Pharmacovigilance Defined

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine-related problem.

Clinical Pharmacy Explained

Clinical pharmacy is a branch of pharmacy that involves the provision of patient care with the use of medications to optimize the health outcomes of patients.

PTC Full Form in Pharmacy

PTC stands for the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee.

Pharmacy Inventory Control Techniques

There are three primary methods used in pharmacy to manage inventory:

• The visual method
• The periodic method
• The perpetual method

Composition of Universal Antidote

The universal antidote is composed of:

• Zinc or magnesium oxide
• Tannic acid
• Charcoal

Activated

Nursing Job Application for [Company Name]

Subject: Application for Nursing Position at [Company Name]

Dear Hiring Manager,

I am writing to express my enthusiasm for the nursing position at [Company Name] and to address the questions you've posed regarding my candidacy.

Why Do You Want to Work for Us?

I am drawn to [Company Name] because of its reputation for excellence in patient care and commitment to fostering a supportive work environment. Your dedication to innovation and professional development aligns perfectly with my own values and career aspirations. I am eager to contribute to a team that prioritizes both patient well-being and employee growth.

Why Did You Leave Your Last Position?

I recently left my previous position to seek new opportunities...

Future Simple Tense: Will

Conjugation Table

Grammar Exercises for Medical Professionals

1. The paramedics Respuesta Correcta: will be (be) there shortly. All right?

4. I Respuesta Correcta: will be (be) glad to take care of you.

You Respuesta Correcta:

Foundations of Health and Nutrition

Only two common lifestyle habits have a stronger influence on long-term health than dietary choices: smoking and other tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption.

The Six Classes of Nutrients

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Fat
• Protein
• Vitamins
• Minerals

Essential Nutrients and Energy

An essential nutrient is required for normal body functioning and cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from a dietary source.

• Carbohydrates: 4 cal/g
• Protein: 4 cal/g
• Fat: 9 cal/g

Minerals are inorganic. Macronutrients that provide energy the body can use include carbohydrates, fat, protein, and alcohol.

Scientific Research and Dietary Guidelines

The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, testing, and conclusion. Epidemiology...

Defining Health and Wellness

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Types of Surveys

• Writing on paper forms
• Telephone
• Face-to-face surveys
• Online surveys
• Counting hands
• Social media sites

Understanding Food Groups and Nutrition

The following percentages represent typical recommended daily intake proportions:

Starchy Foods (Carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates are needed for energy (33% of daily intake).

Examples: Cereals, rice, bread...

Fruit and Vegetables

Provides B vitamins, which help the body use energy (33% of daily intake).

Examples: Bananas, broccoli, apples...

Meat, Fish, and Eggs (Proteins)

This is the protein group. Proteins help your body grow and repair itself (12% of daily intake).

Fats and Sugar

Provide energy (7% of daily...

Impulso Nervioso

El impulso nervioso se produce cuando las neuronas se excitan al recibir un estímulo. Este se transmite a lo largo de la neurona como una corriente eléctrica unidireccional: se inicia en las dendritas y sale por el axón.

Sinapsis: Conexión Neuronal

La sinapsis es el proceso de conexión mediante el cual las neuronas contiguas se comunican entre sí. Existen dos tipos principales:

• Sinapsis química: Es la más frecuente; en ella intervienen mediadores químicos llamados neurotransmisores.
• Sinapsis eléctrica: El impulso nervioso pasa de una neurona a otra como corriente eléctrica. Ocurre principalmente en invertebrados y en células específicas de vertebrados, como en la retina.

Proceso de la Sinapsis Química

1. Cuando el impulso