Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Coetzee Wins Nobel Prize

Coetzee wins Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize has often been misapplied. It evaded Tolstoy, Chekhov, Joyce, Kafka, and Nabokov. Coetzee was born in Cape Town in 1940 and trained as a computer scientist, coming to London in the Sixties to work for IBM, a period recollected in a superb autobiographical novel. According to the text, literary qualities have not always been the main reason for authors to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Literature. Sometimes, the judges have been influenced by political factors. Before writing his first novel, Coetzee was very busy professionally. In the Sixties, he worked for IBM in London and later became a professor of Literature in the United States and finally in Cape Town.

a) unquestionably c)

English Conditionals: Zero to Third

Zero conditional: If / when / unless + Present Simple → Present Simple or a modal verb. Expresses situations that are always true (situations that are always/generally true).

First conditional: If / unless + Present Simple → Future simple (will), imperative, or modal verb. Expresses what will happen if the condition is met.

Second conditional: If / unless + Past Simple → would / could / might + base form. Expresses hypothetical conditions referring to the present or the future (unlikely to happen).

Third conditional: If + Past Perfect Simple → would have / could have / might have + past participle. Expresses a condition that is impossible because it refers to the past.

Wish Clauses

• wish / if only + Past

Reported Speech Verb Tense Changes

Reported Speech Structure

Formula: Subject + said that + subject + verb/modal + rest of the sentence.

Example: "I can't wait until the new bike lane is built." → He said that he couldn't wait until the new bike lane was built.

• Modal Verbs: If the verb is a modal (can, may, will), the

Automotive Knowledge Assessment

Vehicle Recommendations for Specific Buyers

1. Janet: I recommend a red convertible for Janet. She is a single, mature, ambitious businesswoman with no dependents. She would surely love such a car.
2. Edward: Edward needs a car that makes him feel young again and helps him overcome his mid-life crisis. Since he is wealthy, I would recommend a super sport car.
3. John: John should certainly buy a hatchback. Given his young age and the fact that this is his first car, I believe it is the most suitable choice for him now.

Automotive Exterior Parts Vocabulary

Front and Top Components

• Sun roof
• Roof
• Windscreen
• Windscreen wiper
• Bonnet
• Logo
• Headlight
• Front bumper
• Indicator
• Wing
• Wheel arch
• Sill
• Tyre
• Wheel trim

Rear and Side Components

• Side window
• Rear

Verb and Adjective Patterns with Prepositions

• Concentrate on something
• Shout at someone for doing something
• Shout to someone to do something
• Argue with someone
• Apologize to someone
• Complain about something
• Insist on doing something
• Depend on someone
• Rely on someone
• Argue about something
• Lie about something
• Criticized for doing something
• Pay for something
• Translate into something
• Succeed in doing something
• Specialize in something
• React to something
• Apologize for something
• Accuse someone of doing something
• Search for something
• Borrow from someone
• Lend to someone
• Aim at something/doing something
• Name after someone
• Divide into something
• Complain to someone about something
• Proud of someone/something
• Upset with someone
• Upset about something
• Good at something/doing something
• Protest

Common English Vocabulary

HANG

"to fasten something at the top"

Example: "The curtains hung in thick folds."

WRAP

"to surround something with paper"

Example: "Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours."

SHELTER

"a building designed to give protection from bad weather, danger, or attack"

WATCH

"to look at something for a period of time"

Example: "I had dinner and watched TV for a couple of hours."

BEYOND

"further away in the distance than something"

Example: "In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town."

WIDE

"something that includes a large amount or many types of things"

Example: "They sell a wide range of skin-care products."

STEAM

"the hot gas that is produced when water boils"

Example: "Steam rose from the simmering stew."

CHALLENGE

"something

Darwin and the Theory of Evolution

General Facts About Darwin

• He explained how natural selection could produce evolution.
• The HMS Beagle adventure: a five-year round-the-world trip to make maps.
• He recorded data (notes and pictures) and collected specimens.
• The experience in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin was shocked by the great variability in the islands.
• The famous Galapagos finches: beaks designed for different food. Did they come from just one species?
• He came up with an idea that was not new, but he was the first one making enough arguments to persuade people that evolution happens.

History of Darwin and Wallace

Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He belonged to a wealthy family. His father and grandfather were both physicians. He started...

St. Valentine’s Day

1. During Lupercalia: (a) young men and women were paired.
2. Why did Emperor Claudius II cancel all marriages and engagements? (c) Because he needed men for his army.
3. Why was Valentine dragged to jail? (d) Because he disobeyed the emperor.
4. Valentine died in love. TRUE: “It is said that, before his execution, Valentine himself had fallen in love with the jailer’s daughter.”
5. St. Valentine’s Day is no longer a Roman Catholic festivity today. TRUE: “In 1969 it was dropped from the Roman Catholic calendar as a designated feast day.”
6. Nowadays there are more Valentine’s cards than Christmas cards sold in the US. FALSE: “Today, over 1 billion Valentine’s cards are sent in the US – second in number only to Christmas cards.

Common English Idioms

• Like talking to the wall
• Speak their mind
• Straight from the horse's mouth
• Don't break a word
• Get a word in edgeways
• I'm all ears
• Beat about the bush
• Break the ice
• Break a promise
• Break a record
• Break someone's heart
• Break a/the law
• Break a/the habit
• Break the news

Common English Phrasal Verbs

Run

• Run an errand
• Runs in the family
• Run wild
• Running a risk
• Run short
• Running a temperature

Stand

• Stand by
• Stand up to - to please
• Stand up
• Stand for - to mean
• Stand out - to be different
• Stand in for

Come

• Come round - to visit
• Come through - to survive
• Come apart - to break
• Come down on - to criticize
• Come up with - to think of
• Come across - to discover

Go

• Go too far
• Cope with
• Turn into tears - to cry
• As long as
• Change for the better
• Boarding school

Essential English Phrasal Verbs and Meanings

This reference list provides definitions and translations for common English phrasal verbs, structured alphabetically by the main verb.

A: Ask

• ASK FOR: Request

B: Break, Bring

• BREAK AWAY: Separate
• BREAK DOWN: To malfunction / avariar-se/espatllar
• BREAK IN / BREAK INTO: To intrude / introduir-se/ficar-se
• BREAK OFF: To separate from (something)
• BREAK OUT: To burst (e.g., war)
• BREAK UP: To separate / To end a relationship
• BRING UP: To educate / To raise (a child)

C: Call, Care, Carry, Catch, Check, Clean, Come, Count, Cut

• CALL OFF: Cancel / Suspend
• CALL ON: See switch to
• CALL UP: Call
• CARE ABOUT: Worrying
• CARRY ON: Continue
• CATCH ON: Getting fashion / Catch up on success / Set up
• CHECK IN: Check luggage
• CHECK OUT: Pay