Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Kidney Function and Failure

Functions:

• Clean the blood and remove extra fluid
• Keep your body chemicals in balance
• Filter out waste products
• Control blood pressure and red blood cell production

Kidney Failure:

Occurs when kidneys stop working or when their function is less than 15%. This results in a build-up of fluid and chemical wastes, which is life-threatening unless treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Uremia

Uremia occurs when waste products build up in the blood. Symptoms include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Itching

Treatment Options for Kidney Failure

Patients with kidney failure have several treatment options:

• Diet and fluid management
• Kidney transplantation
• Medications
• Kidney dialysis
• Non-treatment (palliative care)

Hemodialysis

In...

Unit 4: Environmental Issues and Legal Terms

• Auction (Subasta)
• Carbon footprint (Petjada de carbó)
• Court (Jutgat)
• Drought (Sequera)
• Environmentalist
• Exhaust fumes
• Landfill (Abocador)
• Litter (Basura)
• Offense (Delicte)
• Smog (Boira amb fum)
• Source (Font)
• Treasure (Tresor)
• Trial (Judici)
• Waste (Residus)
• Wilderness (Natura)
• Wildlife (Fauna)
• Approach (Enfocament)
• Avoid (Evitar)
• Ban (Prohibició)
• Convict (Condemnat)
• Damage (Fer malbé)
• Disrupt (Interrompre)
• Dump, Exploit, Pollute, Regret, Replace, Supply, Threaten
• Guilty, Outspoken, Unexpected
• Bring about, Charged with, Cut down, Dispose of
• Global warming, Greenhouse effect, Pass laws, Renewable energy, Solar power, Use up, Water shortage, Wipe out

Unit 5: Workplace Vocabulary and Skills

• Chatterbox, Deadline, Knowledge, Overtime,

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

English Verb Tenses: Structures and Usage

Present Simple

• Structure: Verb + s/es (for third person singular)
• Common Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, every week, never, every day, at night

Present Continuous

• Structure: am/is/are + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, next, tomorrow (for future arrangements)

Past Simple

• Structure: Verb + ed / irregular verb (did for negative/questions)
• Common Time Expressions: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2004, when, then, 15th century

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: last night, last week, last year, at 3:00, when, while, as

Future Simple

• Structure:

Are the Students Eating Healthy by Consuming Fast Food?

Teenagers love fast food but usually they consume it without knowing the risk fast food involves to their body. Children enjoy the flavour and tastiness of fast food whereas they forget what they are truly bringing into them. Therefore, how bad is fast food for us? And how can we stop from consuming it?

Fast food is made in food factories, hence they are highly processed food which means that they are not made naturally. Instead they contain dangerous additives and unhealthy fats that could harm our body. Clearly, people whose diet is mainly based on fast food are expected to live a shorter life.

Undoubtedly, if we can modify teenagers' eating habits, we could prevent them from the consequences...

Academic Pursuits

School Life

Navigating the school environment involves understanding terms like 'level' (nivel), 'boarding' (internado), 'campus', 'deadline' (fecha límite), and more. From pupils (alumnos) to professors, the academic journey begins here. Students tackle subjects, attend seminars (cursos de materia), hand in assignments (trabajos), and strive to graduate. Some might struggle, getting stuck (atascado) on challenging material, while others excel, passing with flying colors (pasar brillantemente). Unfortunately, some students might skip class (hacer campana), disrupt lessons, or even face expulsion. It's important to address issues like bullying (intimidar) to create a positive learning environment.

University Life

The university...

The book I have read is called The Great Gatsby and its author is Francis Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby is set in New York City, representing a very social environment. The most important characters are Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Jordan Baker, and Tom Buchanan. The most interesting thing about this book is how Gatsby pretended for a long time that he was a millionaire.

Nick Carraway moves to a bungalow in West Egg, a Long Island neighborhood, to study the bond business in New York. Nick is invited by Daisy, his cousin, to come to his house in East Egg, an aristocratic neighborhood on Long Island. Tom Buchanan, Daisy's husband, whom he has met at Yale. Gatsby tells her that Gatsby is in love with Daisy. He met her in Louisville in 1917 and...

Tell me about you:

My name is Rachelle. I'm currently at University of Memphis Lambuth studying in my second semester of nursing. I am Social Chair for the Student Nurses' Association. I've always been fascinated in the human brain and why it works the way it does, and what happens when it isn't working. Following taking care of my diabetic grandfather, I always knew I wanted to be a nurse, and I have overcome many obstacles to get here. When I earn my degree, I want to be working on this floor. If I should summarize myself, I would say I am a leader, responsible, compassionate and very detail-oriented, though sometimes I can be too hard on myself to strive for perfection. I switched from the law field to healthcare because I want a career with...

Dear Editor,

I am writing to express my views towards the abuse of domestic helpers in Hong Kong. Recently, more and more mistreatment cases of domestic helpers hit the headlines. It is astonishing that those helpers can be mistreated in such a violent way. Below are the reasons why the abuse of domestic helpers should be opposed.

First and foremost, any kind of abuse is illegal.

According to the law, no one can hurt the others by any cruel means, including the domestic helpers. Although most domestic helpers are foreigners, they are protected by the law. The employers who mistreat the domestic helpers break the law and should be brought to justice. How can we accept people being mistreated illegally in Hong Kong? This is why the abuse should...

Mastering English Vocabulary and Word Relationships

English to Spanish Vocabulary List (R-Y)

A collection of essential English terms and their corresponding Spanish translations:

• Rough: bravo, escandaloso
• Sank: hundirse
• Sat shivering for: permanecieron sentados temblando
• Seals: focas
• Seasoned ship's captain: capitán de barco experto
• Set: decorado
• Shoplift: ladrón
• Sign up: contactar
• Signal: señal
• Sitcom: comedia de situación
• Soap opera: telenovela
• Soften the blow: suavizar el golpe
• Sorry about: arrepentido por
• Sorry for: arrepentido de
• Spacecraft: nave espacial
• Staff: personal
• Steal: robar
• Step out: salir
• Sunscreen: crema de sol
• Supplies: provisiones
• Suspect: sospechar
• Switch: intercambiar
• Take off: despegue
• Take place: tener lugar
• Take up: ocupan
• Tempt: tentar
• Tend