Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Personal Pronouns: Tonic and Toneless Forms

Tonic (Stressed) Pronouns

• 1st Person Subject: I, we (including forms like nosotros/as)
• 1st Person Complement/Object: me, us
• 2nd Person Subject: you (singular), you/ye (plural, including vosotros)
• 2nd Person Complement/Object: you (singular), you/yourselves (plural)
• 3rd Person Subject: he, she, it, they
• 3rd Person Complement/Object: him, her, it, them (including various clitic interpretations)

Toneless (Unstressed) Pronouns

These forms often function as clitics:

• 1st Person Complement: me, us (nos)
• 2nd Person Complement: te, you (os/ye)
• 3rd Person Complement: lo, la, lo, los, las, se, le, les (including various combinations)

Adverbs and Their Functions

• Place: here, there, yonder, near, far, up, down, in front, behind,

Reading 1: The Biology of Sleep and Night Owls

Many teenagers, like Brian, struggle to wake up for school. While teachers might perceive them as lazy, science suggests a different reason. Every human has an internal body clock, or chronotype, controlled by "clock genes." In teenagers, the body releases melatonin (the sleep hormone) much later than in adults. This means their brains are not ready to sleep until 11:00 p.m. or later. When they must wake up at 7:00 a.m., they suffer from social jet lag and feel exhausted. Scientists suggest that starting school later could make students more focused and productive.

Comprehension Questions

• True or False? Teenagers are tired in the morning because they are irresponsible.
  Answer: False. Quote: "Science

Essential English Vocabulary

Sports Venues & Equipment

• Badminton Court = Pista de bàdminton
• Boxing Ring = Ring de boxa
• Diving Board = Trampolí de piscina
• Golf Course = Camp de golf
• Ice Rink = Pista de gel
• Martial Arts Gym = Gimnàs d'arts marcials
• Race Course = Hipòdrom / Pista de curses
• Rugby Pitch = Camp de rugbi
• Ski Slope = Pista d'esquí

Sports Equipment

• Ball
• Boots
• Clubs
• Gloves
• Goggles
• Horses (for equestrian sports)
• Racket
• Skates
• Snow (for skiing/snowboarding)
• Water (for water sports)

Crime & Justice Vocabulary

• Prison Sentence = Sentència de presó
• Millionaire = Milionari
• Murders = Assassinats
• Hostage = Ostatge
• Thief = Lladre
• Commit (a crime) = Cometre (un crim)
• Crime = Crim
• Arrest = Arrestar
• Forge = Falsificar
• Hijack = Segrestar (vehicle)
• Kidnap = Segrestar

I would like to share an interesting fact. According to an article I read recently, nowadays, a large percentage of the population…

Smart Spending and Online Shopping Habits

Money: A large percentage of the population buys many things that they don't need. I don't know why, but it may be to feel better.

I think it is better to buy online; the advantages are that I can buy any product from my house. The disadvantage is that you can’t see the product in person. There are some products that aren’t available in physical stores.

I like to buy a lot of things, such as:

• Clothes
• Food
• Gadgets

I even invest in… But what I like the most is clothes, because I really like fashion. However, I’m also a saver. For example, I save money for a trip or for...

Common Phrases

Dare: Be brave enough (atrevir-se)

Get Paid Peanuts: Get a small sum of money (guanyar poc)

Get Sacked: To be dismissed (fer fora de la feina)

Make a Living: Earn enough money to live (guanyar-se la vida)

Regardless: Without taking into account (sense tenir en compte)

Run an Errand: Make a short trip for a specific purpose (fer gestions)

Run Short Of: Not have much left (quedar-se sense/esgotar)

Sort: Order/tidy (ordenar)

Suburbs: Residential communities outside the city (Barris residencials)

Take for Granted: Fail to appreciate (no donar prou importància)

Take Your Time: Don’t rush (no tinguis pressa/pren-te el teu temps)

Background: Origin (origen)

Be in Someone’s Corner: Support someone (recolzar)

Be on the Ball: Be aware of/attentive...

Unit 9: Shopping and Finance

Key Vocabulary

• Financial terms: Discount, cash, owe, borrow, can afford, charge, cost, earn, get paid, be worth, own, pay back, save, spend, waste, lend.
• Shopping terms: Shopping centre, queue, receipt, till, bargain, changing room, the sales, refund, window shopping, department store.

Shopping Phrases

• Pay by credit card / Pay with cash
• Return / Exchange
• Fit me / Try on these shoes
• Order / Deliver

Grammar: Used To

• Affirmative: I used to like reggae music when I was a teenager.
• Negative: He didn't use to be as rich as he is now.
• Interrogative: Did you use to go to the beach every day when you lived in Greece?
• Short Answers: Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

The Passive Voice

In the passive voice, the object becomes the subject.

Present

Guideline

1. Focus on Solving (All / None)

2. Focus on Solving (T/F)

3. Focus on Solving Subject by Subject

Moderate Allergy Tx

(C)

Aphyxia

->(ER Tracheostomy)

Larynx Abd

->(C-A-P)

Allergy

-> Pale mucosa!

Septal Resection Does Not Cause

-> Nasal Polyp

Photoan

-> Weak VC

Contact Ulcer

-> Vocal abuse!

VC Lateral

-> Paralysis

VC Constriction

-> Functional aphonia!

Bullous Myringitis

-> PS Aeruginosa!

Normal Skin

-> Except diphtheria!

Swelling of Inner Orbital

-> ALL

Sinuses

• Posterior Ethmoid -> (Superior meatus)
• Max sinus -> Middle meatus
• Max sinus -> at nose level

Tonsillitis

• Acute (NOT) Nasopharyngeal obstruction
• Chronic (Not) -> bad smell!
• Hypertrophy (compli) -> Otitis media + Hearing loss
• Chronic (except) -> systemic features!

Essential Vocabulary for Global News and Current Affairs

Environmental and Disaster Terminology

Crop

A plant, such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable, that is grown in large amounts by farmers.

Soil

The top layer of earth that plants grow in.

To harvest

To pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish to eat.

Drought

A long period when there is little or no rain (Spanish: sequía).

Outbreak

A time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant.

Salvo

A sudden attack.

Famine

A situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people.

Meltdown

A situation when fuel in a nuclear power station becomes very hot and melts through its container, escaping into the air.

Reactor

A machine which

Vocabulary

Pounding: To strike or hit heavily and repeatedly.

Gubby: Dirty.

Scrambled: More quickly.

Stashed: To store safely and secretly in a specified place.

Upset: The state of being unhappy, disappointed, or worried.

Nightmare: An unpleasant dream.

Countered: To speak or act in opposition to.

Grim (adj.): Something forbidding or uninviting. Depressing or worrying. Merciless (review).

Astonished: Surprised, impressed.

Relieved: To cause pain or distress to become less severe or serious (n. relief).

Attempts: To make an effort to achieve or complete.

Sully: To damage the purity or integrity of…

Jurors: Members of a jury.

Witnesses: People who see an event, typically a crime or accident.

Whereabouts: The place where someone or something is.

Retrieve: To...

Modal Verbs: Obligation, Advice, and Probability

• Obligation or Necessity: must, have to (S+M+V / V+S+M+V?)
• Suggestions: Shall?, Let's, What about + gerund, Why don't we + V
• Polite Requests: could, would, may (M+S+V?)
• Probability:
  • 100%: Must
  • 100-50%: Will, probably, likely
  • 50%: May, might, could, can
  • 50-0%: Will not, probably, unlikely
  • 0%: Can't
• Permission: allow, may, might, can
• Offers: S+will+V, would you like...?, Shall I...?
• Capacity: can, be unable to
• Prohibition: can't, mustn't
• Advice: should, ought to
• Lack of Necessity: S+needn't+V

Gerunds (-ing)

Used in the following contexts:

• After verbs: avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, involve, keep, mind, miss, prevent, regret, risk, stop, suggest
• As the subject of a sentence
• After prepositions