Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Language and literature for Secondary education

Similicadence

This effect is achieved by combining two or more words that have similarities in grammar, such as tense, person, number, or gender:

"The flesh we are born in, we live in the flesh, the flesh will die." (A. de Guevara)

Paronomasia

This resource relies on the phonetic similarity of sounds between words or groups of words.

The expression is given by the contrast between the signified and the signifier of the related elements: phonic resemblance is maintained, but a sharp distinction exists in the concept they represent:

1. "I've sold, blindfolded." (Gongora)
2. "There are lives because they drink." (Quevedo)

Synonymy

This resource occurs when similar meanings are juxtaposed or listed. The expressive effect achieved is a recurrence of semantics,...

Gender Inequality in Classic Plays

Introduction: Societal Context

In the literary works A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen (published in Norway, 1879) and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams (published in the US, 1947), discrimination against women is strongly evident. Throughout history, societies and cultures have often placed women at a disadvantage compared to men. This disparity can be witnessed through the characterizations, the language, and the societal context presented in these plays.

Characterization: Portraying Female Vulnerability

Characterization effectively portrays the plays' themes by defining each character's role. Both Nora in A Doll's House and Stella in A Streetcar Named Desire often appear weak and vulnerable when confronted...

Common English Words and Their Definitions

A

Androgynous

- Partly male and partly female in appearance; of indeterminate sex.

B

Boost

- Help or encourage (something) to increase or improve.

C

Castaway

- A person who has been shipwrecked and stranded in an isolated place.

D

Drift

- (Especially of snow or leaves) be blown into heaps by the wind.

E

Elbow

- The joint between the forearm and the upper arm.

Encouragement

- The action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.

Entourage

- A group of people attending or surrounding an important person.

Eyebrow

- The strip of hair growing on the ridge above a person's eye socket.

Eyelash

- Each of the short curved hairs growing on the edges of the eyelids, serving to protect the eyes from dust particles.

I

Interviewee

-...

In my opinion, Hamlet is a very good work because it expresses all the feelings of a real son. Life and death are two prevalent themes in the work, as well as in our daily lives. I liked the way Hamlet's ideas are portrayed as he seeks to avenge the death of his father. He is truly a clever man, which is evident throughout the story.

I highly recommend this book. It's a captivating story that keeps you engaged and eager to find out whether Hamlet will ultimately succeed in avenging his father's death. It is a tragic tale that explores relevant topics of our time and will leave a lasting impact. It is truly a remarkable work that I highly recommend.

Factors of Communication

• Issuer: The individual encoding and sending the message.
• Receiver: The individual receiving and decoding the message.
• Message: The content communicated.
• Code: The language used to deliver the message.
• Reference Context: The subject or theme of the message.
• Channel: The medium of communication.

Functions of Communication

• Expressive/Emotional: Focuses on the issuer's feelings (e.g., "I love you").
• Appeals/Conative: Aims to elicit a response from the receiver (e.g., "Sir, you are a buyer").
• Referential/Representative: Focuses on the context (e.g., "Winter rains and cold").
• Poetic: Emphasizes the style of the message (e.g., "Your eyes captivate me").
• Metalinguistic: Focuses on the language itself (e.g., "Antepenultimate accents").
• Phatic:

Journalistic Language: Key Principles

Journalistic language should always be concise, precise, and clear. Avoid excessive adjectives, long sentences, and overloaded paragraphs. A standard register is commonly used. It is important to create a narrative of current events written with the intention of informing in an objective way. The content of a story should usually answer the questions: who, what, when, where, how, and why.

Structure of a News Story

• Headline: Captures the reader's attention with the most important and powerful data.
• Subheading: Develops the ideas contained in the headline.
• Body: Presents the facts in descending order of importance.

Journalistic Genres

• Chronicle: A story about recent events, often told in chronological order by a

Norms and Instructions

Norms are rules established to determine how something or a specific behavior should be.

Highway code regulations or laws contain rules.

Novel Subgenres

Historical, Detective, and Learning Novels

In some novels, the events recounted are fictitious but plausible, i.e., they did not actually occur but could have happened.

• Detective Novel: Narrates a crime whose author is unknown and the inquiry that leads to the clarification of the case.
• Historical Novels: Recreate past events.
• Novels of Apprenticeship: Feature a child or a teenager whose personality is formed throughout the story.

Chivalry, Terror, and Science Fiction

In other novels, the events recounted are unlikely or wonderful, that is, they did not happen or could not happen...

Nouns

Definition: A noun is a grammatical category that represents things belonging to a class. It designates realities conceived as existing or potential entities, not qualities applicable to other entities. Nouns have inherent gender and can function alone or with a determiner, often as the subject of a sentence. A noun consists of a root (lexeme), morphemes of gender (masculine/feminine), and morphemes of number (singular/plural).

Classifications

Philosophical:

• Abstract: Not tangible realities, not appreciated by the senses.
• Concrete: Realities that materialize.

Semantic:

• Individual
• Collective
• Common
• Proper
• Animate
• Inanimate
• Countable
• Uncountable

Grammatical Gender:

• Heteroclitic: Different lexical roots for gender variations.
• Ambiguous: Undefined grammatical

Asyndeton or Juxtaposition: Connecting without connectors.

Parataxis: Joining two clauses without a hierarchical relationship. Includes coordination and asyndetic sentence connection at the beginning, middle, or end of the second clause.

Hypotaxis: Joining two clauses with a hierarchical relationship.

Pseudo-Coordination (Greenbaum and Quirk 1997): Coordinating conjunctions with an idiomatic sense. Intensification, Continuation/Repetition, Different Classes (Identical Coordination Elements), Quantity.

Cohesion II: Lexical Mechanisms

A. Iteration

Repetition (can include structural variations), Synonymy, Hyponymy, General Word

B. Semantic Associations Between Words

1. Opposition (Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics)
   1. Complementary: male/female,

Animal Farm: Sugarcandy Mountain and Class Conflict

Moses, the raven in George Orwell's Animal Farm, causes problems by spreading tales of a mystical place called Sugarcandy Mountain, which represents the afterlife and distracts the animals from their current struggles. Sugarcandy Mountain is essentially a fictional paradise used to pacify the animals and maintain control over them by the ruling pigs.

In Animal Farm, after the animals drive out Mr. Jones and take over the farm, they agree to follow the principles of Animalism and to work collectively for the common good of all animals. This agreement is symbolized by the Seven Commandments initially established by the pigs.

The Seven Commandments

The Seven Commandments are established in Animal