Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

A

• Aboveboard: Legal and transparent.
• Anguish: Mental or physical pain or suffering.
• Anti-clericalism: Opposition to the power or influence of the clergy.
• Armistice: A truce.
• Arms race: Competitions between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons.
• Attrition: The action of gradually wearing down through sustained attack.
• Autocratic: Ruled with absolute power.
• Axis: The alliance between Germany and Italy in the Second World War.

B

• Bankrupt: Unable to pay one's debts.
• Barbed wire: Wire with sharp spikes used as a defensive barrier.
• Barracks: A large building or group of buildings used to house soldiers.
• Brushstroke: A mark made by a paintbrush.

C

• Ceasefire: A temporary suspension of fighting.
• Coalition: An alliance of political parties

Reign of Fernando VII (1814-1833)

Key events upon his return include the Treaty of Valençay (1814) and the Decree of Valencia.

Absolutist Phase (1814-1820)

• Rejection of the Constitution of 1812 and restoration of the absolute monarchy.
• Persecution of liberals: Many were exiled to England.
• Opposition grew through secret societies like the Masons and military uprisings, such as the one led by Espoz y Mina.
• Absolutist legislation: The Inquisition was restored, church lands were no longer confiscated, and nobles regained their old privileges.
• Serious social and economic problems, combined with arbitrary acts, created widespread opposition.

Constitutional Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

• Began with Riego's coup d'état in 1820, which forced the king to accept

Colonial Conquest of Africa

19th-century European industrialization created a need for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods in Africa. Economic motivation was important in colonization, as was politics, including nationalism in Europe. Competition between European nations (Britain, France, Germany) caused the colonization of Africa in just 25 years. Europeans viewed themselves as a more advanced civilization. They colonized in two ways: 1. treaties with African leaders 2. military force.

New Borders for Africa

Imposed by Europeans with no attention to existing political organizations, dividing friends and uniting enemies.

World War I (1914)

Causes

Assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke triggered the outbreak of WWI.

Alliances

Agreements...

Three Triumphs of Liberalism

During the minority of Isabel II, a regency was established, with Maria Cristina as the first regent. This period coincided with the Carlist War, and the liberals allied with the regency were divided into two groups: the moderates, who supported strengthening the King's position and implementing limited reforms, and the progressives, who advocated for a more extensive policy of reforms. Maria Cristina initially conceded power to the moderates, but due to protests and military uprisings, she was forced to hand over the government to the progressives.

In the following years, the progressive Mendizabal abolished remnants of the old regime, such as the confiscation of church property, and enacted the Constitution of...

• The Bayonne Abdication, which occurred in early May 1808 at Marracq Castle in Bayonne, France, refers to the successive resignations of Kings Carlos IV and his son, Ferdinand VII, to the throne of Spain. Napoleon then ceded these rights to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, who reigned as José I.
  The Central Supreme Junta was the accumulated legislative and executive body of Spain during the Napoleonic occupation. Established on September 25, 1808, following the Battle of Bailén and the Council of Castile declaring the Bayonne abdications void, it remained in power until January 30, 1810.
  The Aranjuez Mutiny: A popular uprising on March 18, 1808, triggered by various factors, including the consequences of the Battle of Trafalgar, popular discontent,

The Great European Powers 1870-1914

Between 1870 and 1914, the imperialist or colonialist policy launched by major European powers created rivalries between countries outside Europe that triggered the First World War.

In Western Europe

The United Kingdom, at the end of the Victorian era, continued to be the trading power and financial center of the world. France remained among the major powers, and Germany acceded to this category due to the strong development of its industry, which became the leading economic power in Europe.

Outside Europe

Two new powers were consolidated outside Europe. The United States, after the Civil War (1861-1865), became a great industrial power. Japan's rapid industrialization began, raising its weight in the Pacific...

The Economy in Ancient Greece

Agriculture and Livestock

Initially, the economy was based on family farming. Livestock was limited to the domestic sphere, and gradually agriculture, specifically wheat, vine, and olive trees, gained ground.

Commerce

Commerce was gaining importance in Greece, concentrated around the port. Economic prosperity led to increased population, resulting in migrations and the founding of colonies in the Mediterranean. The exchange of goods by sea began, and some factories were established, primarily employing slaves.

The Monetary System

a) Monetary unit: drachma

b) Fractional units:

• Obol: 1/6 drachma
• Half-obol: 1/2 obol

c) Multiples:

• Didrachm: 2 drachmas
• Tetradrachm: 4 drachmas
• Decadrachm: 10 drachmas

d) Units of calculation:

• Mina:

Spain's Transition: From Absolutism to Liberalism (1808–1833)

In the nineteenth century, Spain, including Catalonia, transitioned from an absolutist regime (similar to the Old Regime) to a liberal political regime. The initial attempts to introduce liberalism occurred during the Peninsular War (also known as the French War) against Napoleon (1808–1814), but the full transition was not achieved until the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833.

The Peninsular War (1808–1814): Birth of Spanish Liberalism

Due to the appointment of a foreign King, Joseph Bonaparte, and the presence of Napoleon's troops, on May 2, 1808, the people of Madrid rose up against the French. This marked the beginning of the Peninsular War (War of Independence).

Agencies were...

The Venezuelan National Flag

The official flag of Venezuela is one of the nation's three primary symbols, representing the country most prominently on an international level. The flag has a ratio of 2:3 and consists of three equally sized horizontal bands of yellow, blue, and red. Within the blue band, there are eight pentagonal stars.

In the state version, the Coat of Arms is located on the hoist side within the yellow band.

The tricolor flag of Venezuela was designed by Francisco de Miranda, who first raised it on his flagship, the "Leander", in the Bay of Jacmel (Haiti) on March 12, 1806.

Symbolism of the Flag's Elements

Currently, the significance of the elements that make up the flag's colors are:

• Yellow: Represents the wealth of the Venezuelan

According to this text are all the men equal in rights? What are the rights of man according to the text?

Yes, they are because says that all men are born free.

What is the origin of sovereignty according to the text? According to the text, can you be punished for something that is not forbidden by law? Who can take part in politics (make laws) according to the text?

The origin of sovereignty is the nation (line 6). No, you can be punished for something that is not forbidden by law (lines 11-12). All the citizens can take part in politics (lines 14-15).

Do you know during which phase of the French Revolution was signed this text: National Assembly, Constitutional Monarchy, First French Republic or Directory? Do you think that the principles of