Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The Federal Republic (1873)

The Constituent Cortes, born of an election where a majority abstained, met in June 1873 and established the Federal Republic form of government. Pi y Margall was named president of the First Republic, replacing Figueras. With a series of objectives to be achieved, the first measures were implemented, among which was the development of a new constitution under which 15 states were to be established. Although the new constitutional draft was completed quickly, its implementation was hampered by violent riots by Cantonalists, workers, and peasants that erupted everywhere.

Rise of Cantonalism and Social Unrest

Some of the most diehard Republicans, eager to implement federalism and discontented with the reality of government...

11.2. Las Cortes de Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812. During the war of Independence was spending a new political system promoted by the Spanish which comply neither supported Joseph Bonaparte or the institutions of the ancien regime that collaborated with him. There was therefore a real political revolution, it led to a series of new institutions claiming to act on behalf of the king, but whose only legitimacy came from the Spanish people, who created and supported. Thus was born the concept of Nación.Entre these institutions, the most important were the boards, agencies, local and provincial composed picture, military, clergy and other persons elected by the citizens. The need to coordinate political and military forced the provincial...

The Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)

Between 1833 and 1840, Maria Cristina de Borbón ruled as regent. The outbreak of the First Carlist War forced the regent to appoint Martínez de la Rosa to the government. He became convinced of the need for political liberalization and opening.

The Royal Charter and the Carlist War

In April 1834, the Royal Charter (Estatuto Real) was published. This was a granted charter that only allowed for a call to the Cortes, regulated in a very conservative and elitist manner. Its composition and voting systems were indirect and highly restricted. Parliamentary debates soon consolidated the differences between the Moderates and the Liberals, who did not support the Statute.

Mendizábal and the Liberal Reforms

A lack...

Spanish Liberal and Conservative Politics

With the Liberals in power, Alfonso did not accept Monet's proposal. However, he did not remove the power and gutters imposed on power. This undertaking involved measures against the church and the army to avoid angering them. The liberal period sought more openness on social and individual matters, removing the tax on consumption and implementing universal conscription for war. The government attempted to control the church, leading Maura to attempt to break the cycle.

Regarding the text, it can be said that they are liberal. The Conservative government opposed the law of the lock, arguing it would create more church groups. Conservatives complained because they desired more freedom for the church, as...

Theories & Causes of Imperialism

Key Theories Behind Imperialism

• State interests
• The civilizing mission
• Pursuit of particular benefits
• Needs of financial capitalism

Driving Causes of Imperial Expansion

• European economic growth
• Personal initiative and group technological superiority
• Military and scientific advances
• Rivalry between powers
• Opposition from native populations

Global Areas of Imperial Expansion

British India's Colonial History

Initially, certain areas were dominated, then the Crown directly administered them.

Non-European Mediterranean Influence

Involvement of France, the United Kingdom, and Italy in the non-European Mediterranean.

The Scramble for Sub-Saharan Africa

The distribution of Sub-Saharan Africa, formalized by the Berlin Conference.

Imperialism

Problems of the Spanish Restoration

The turnantes governments demonstrated their inefficiency and inability to cope with domestic problems. Inertia and the desire to avoid any change that would endanger the political and economic interests of dominant social groups characterized the actions of both the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. The governments did not substantially transform the political system to solve growing problems. Some problems that threatened the continuity of the Restoration were:

• The Moroccan Problem: The Spanish army suffered several major setbacks in Morocco.
• The Regional Problem: In reaction to political centralism, nationalism emerged in Catalonia, the Basque Country, Galicia, and Valencia, but the government ignored

The First Spanish Republic: A Historical Analysis

Following the resignation of Amadeus of Savoy, the Cortes voted on the proclamation of the Republic in 1873. Much of the chamber remained monarchical, and their vote was a strategy to accelerate political deterioration to organize the return of the Bourbons. This joint vote of both houses was prohibited by the Constitution of 1869, which questioned the legitimacy of the new regime's birth.

The Federal Democratic Republican Party

The only supporters were Republicans, who lacked a clear government plan. They were represented in Parliament by the deputies of the Federal Democratic Republican Party, led by Francisco Pi y Maragall. Federalism, a split from the Democratic Party, advocated for:

• A republican

Bourbon Policy in the Americas

The Bourbon absolutist policy aimed to strengthen state structures, transforming the colonies into a primary source of wealth and income for the metropolis and the monarchy. This required more effective exploitation and protection against foreign powers and the inhabitants of the Americas.

Administrative Renewal and Creole Marginalization

To achieve these goals, a series of administrative measures were adopted, particularly during the reign of Charles III:

• Halted the sale of offices: Spanish officials were sent to take charge of the administration.
• New administrative units: New viceroyalties were segregated from Peru to allow greater control over fiscal policy:
  • Nueva Granada: Capital in Santa Fe de Bogotá (covering

France and Napoleonic Europe: 1799-1815

Phases:

• Consulate: 1799-1804
• Empire: 1804-1814
• Government of the Hundred Days: 1815

Between the Empire and the Government of Louis XVIII reigned the Hundred Days (1814-1815).

Phases of the French Revolution

The phases of the French Revolution were:

• Revolution, Constituent Assembly: 1789-1791
• Legislative Assembly: 1791-1792
• National Convention: 1792-1795
• Directory: 1795-1799

The National Convention: 1792-1795

The Convention went through three stages:

The Girondin Convention: 1792-1793

In September 1792, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic was proclaimed. The execution of nobles and clergy began. Louis XVI was tried, sentenced to death, and executed on January 21, 1793. The Girondin Convention entered into crisis...

Organization of the State

The monarchy was authoritarian, strengthening existing institutions and creating new ones to centralize power. The main measures included:

1. Central Government Reform

Councils were established with advisory status, most notably the Royal Council (Council of Castile). Additional councils were created for Aragon, the Indies, finance, and military orders, assuming functions previously held by the Cortes.

2. Territorial Administration

A viceroy was appointed in each territory of the Crown of Aragon. This official represented the crown directly and sparked widespread protests, particularly in Catalonia.

3. Judicial Organization

Audiences were established to standardize justice. In Castile, the first two were located in Valladolid...